Where wоuld be the best аnd mоst lоgicаl locаtion for the following sentence? “Some developing countries have just started to provide fundamental services such as electricity and they have not developed renewable energy technologies.”
Almоst Humаn by Mаry Rоаch A Dawn is sudden and fast. At sunrise, thirty-fоur chimpanzees awaken. They are still in the nests they built the previous night, in trees at the edge of an open plateau. B These are savanna chimps, found in the African regions of eastern Senegal and across the border in western Mali. Unlike their better-known rainforest relatives, savanna chimps spend most of their day on the grassy ground because there are few trees that grow here. The trees that do grow are low and sparse. It's an environment very much like the open, rough terrain where early humans evolved. For this reason, chimpanzee communities like this Fongoli group of chimps are uniquely valuable to scientists who study the origins of the human species. C Life on the savanna is exceptionally harsh. A primate who was used to greener terrain had to adjust his behavior to survive. Our earliest hominin (meaning bipedal ape) ancestors evolved more than five million years ago during the Miocene epoch, a period of extreme drying that saw the creation of large areas of grassland. Tropical primates no longer had plentiful fruits and year-round streams and lakes. They were forced to adapt, to move farther in their search for food and water, and to take advantage of other resources. In short, they had to get creative. D In 2007 Jill Pruetz, an anthropologist at Iowa State University, reported that a Fongoli female chimp named Tumbo was sharpening a tree branch with her teeth and waving it like a knife. She used it to stab at a bush baby – a pocket-size, tree-dwelling nocturnal primate. Until that report, the regular making of tools for hunting and killing mammals had been considered uniquely human behavior. Over a span of 17 days at the start of the 2006 rainy season, Pruetz saw the chimps hunt bush babies 13 times. There were 18 sightings in 2007. It would appear the chimps are getting creative. E Chimps that live on the ground, rather than in the safety of treetops, tend to be afraid of large strangers. Jill Pruetz spent four years getting the Fongoli chimpanzees accustomed to the presence of humans – what primatologists call habituating them – and the past three summers observing them. Six days a week, from dawn to dusk, she follows the chimps. F It is not glamorous work. It's hot and dirty and tiring. Home is a hut made of mud and shared with 30 Fongoli villagers. Dinner is peanut sauce over rice, except when it's peanut sauce over millet. If the chimps go unusually far, Pruetz gets back to the village so late that her portion has long ago been fed to the dogs. Sometimes, rather than walk the five miles back to camp, she curls up and sleeps on the ground. She has gotten malaria seven times. G Yet you rarely meet people who love what they do as much as Pruetz does. Right now she is sitting on the ground, writing notes with one hand and slapping sweat bees with the other. The benefits have been dramatic. In addition to using tools to hunt, Pruetz has seen Fongoli chimps exhibiting some other unusual behaviors: soaking in a water hole and passing the afternoon in caves. H At 24 square miles, Fongoli is the largest home range of any habituated chimpanzee group ever studied. Harvard primatologist Craig Stanford compares looking for food over a large area to knowing one's way around an enormous supermarket. Like Pruetz, he believes the chimpanzees are not foraging at random, but moving with foresight and intent. "You don't stroll down the aisles hoping to catch a glimpse of the broccoli. You know where each item is, and in which months seasonal foods are likely to be in stock." The same, he thinks, holds true for chimpanzees. I The change toward eating more meat may have played an important role in the evolution of a larger, more sophisticated brain. Here's how the thinking goes: To keep a bigger brain functioning, some other organ or system needed to become more efficient. A chimp doesn't have to eat nearly as much of an energy-rich food like meat as he would of low-nutrient plant matter. J As if on cue, a female named Tia appears in our sight lines 20 feet ahead, sitting on a boulder pulling raw flesh off of a tree limb. Pruetz raises her binoculars, then lowers them again. “It's a bushbuck [a large deer]. That's the biggest animal I've seen them eat." The bushbuck is the largest animal on hunted and killed by a chimpanzee on record. K Adult female and juvenile chimps – the low rankers – have been seen hunting bush babies most often. This makes sense. Dominant male chimps are not generous with food they find, and no one can force them to share. Fongoli females appear to have taken matters into their own hands by learning to hunt for their own food. L Around Fongoli, the locals give the chimps a remarkable amount of respect. Kerri Clavette, Pruetz's student, interviewed villagers about their beliefs regarding chimpanzees and whether they hunted them. Among the region's main tribes, chimps – compared with monkeys – have high, almost human status. Behaviors normally associated with a more primitive nature, such as walking on all four legs, were given a respectful interpretation: "Chimpanzees walk on their knuckles to keep their hands clean to eat with."