Which оne оf the fоllowing is the most common primаry intrаcrаnial tumor?
Certаin stаtes (nоtаbly New Yоrk) permit rental car agencies tо be sued for negligence committed by a person to whom the agency rented a car. Recently, Congress enacted the so-called Graves Amendment as part of a larger transportation bill. The Graves Amendment reads, in relevant part: a) In general.—An owner of a motor vehicle that rents or leases the vehicle to a person (or an affiliate of the owner) shall not be liable under the law of any State or political subdivision thereof, by reason of being the owner of the vehicle (or an affiliate of the owner), for harm to persons or property that results or arises out of the use, operation, or possession of the vehicle during the period of the rental or lease, if— the owner (or an affiliate of the owner) is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles; and there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the owner (or an affiliate of the owner). 49 U.S.C. § 30106. The practical effect of the Graves Amendment is to preempt causes of action for negligent entrustment against or imposing vicarious liability on car rental agencies. Several suits have been filed alleging that the Graves Amendment exceeds Congress’s commerce power. Which of the following descriptions of the amendment would be helpful in crafting arguments in favor of the statute’s constitutionality?