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Pаrt II: Answer the twо fоllоwing essаy questions for 25 points eаch: Through lectures and readings, we learned that American Indian lives were transformed by the land policies of the assimilation era, and that boarding schools went hand in hand with allotment. What was the somewhat “hidden agenda” of the boarding school era, which lasted from the late 19th century until the 1930s. Make reference to the Dawes Allotment Act, White Earth, Leech Lake, Kate Frost, and the Mount Pleasant School in your answer. Identify and explain three main ideas about American Indians in the past or today (or future!) that you learned more about from your “Book Club” assignment. How did Ojibwe or Dakota culture play a role in the narratives? And guided by what you learned from your classmates about their assignment, are there ideas you took away that the two books have in common, or related themes? The following books are “paired” for this essay:- The Council of Dolls and The Seedkeeper- Chief Bender’s Burden and Rez Ball- Moon of the Crusted Snow and Moon of the Turning Leaves
Infо fоr Questiоns 26-30 The role of lаctаte (CH3CH(OH)CO2-) in metаbolism was evaluated in a review article on lactate metabolism by L. B. Gladden (full citation: Gladden, L. B. (2004). Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. The Journal of physiology, 558(Pt 1), 5–30). The paragraph below is from the article. La- is lactate. “La- can no longer be considered the usual suspect for metabolic 'crime', but is instead a central player in cellular, regional and whole body metabolism. Overall, the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle has expanded far beyond its initial conception as an explanation for muscle and exercise metabolism to now subsume all of the other shuttles as a grand description of the role(s) of La- in numerous metabolic processes and pathways.” One of the proposed metabolic roles of lactate involves a metabolite shuttle between two types of cells within the brain. Glu is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The proposed shuttle system is shown in an illustration from the above-mentioned article and depicts, among other things, the recycling of Glu. Image Description This picture depicts a chain of events that occurs in and between a glutaminergic neuron and an astrocyte, two types of cells within the brain. Two different reaction cycles are shown. In the first, La (lactate) begins in the astrocyte. It is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, in the presence of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), lactate is converted into Pyr (pyruvate). Here the two reaction cycles intersect with each other. In the presence of AAT (alanine amino transferase), pyruvate is converted into Ala. Simultaneously, this allows Glu in the glutaminergic neuron to be converted into 2-oxoglutamate. The Ala is then able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and back into the astrocyte. In the astrocyte, the entire process is reversed. Ala is converted back into pyruvate in the presence of AAT, allowing 2-oxoglutamate in the astrocyte to simultaneously be converted into Glu. Pyruvate is then converted back into lactate in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase. At this point, the cycle repeats. In the second cycle, Glu begins in the glutaminergic neuron. It is able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and into the astrocyte. There, in the presence of an unnamed enzyme, NH4- is added to Glu to create Gln. The NH4- was provided by converting the Glu produced in the previous cycle (through conversion of Ala into pyruvate) back into 2-oxoglutamate in the presence of GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase). This creates a new 2-oxoglutamate that can be converted into Glu again the next time the first cycle brings Ala into the astrocyte. Meanwhile, the Gln that was created by the addition of NH4- is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, the entire process is reversed. Gln is converted back into Glu and a free NH4- in the presence of an unnamed enzyme. This regenerates the Glu in the glutaminergic neuron that began this cycle. Meanwhile, the released NH4- is added back to a 2-oxoglutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase, re-forming the Glu that was transformed into 2-oxoglutamate in the first reaction cycle when pyruvate in the glutaminergic neuron was converted into Ala. The cycle then is able to repeat.