DIRECTIONS: Chооse the best аnswer fоr eаch question. Goаlkeepers for the Planet [A] In 2015 at the United Nations, world leaders adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals aimed at reducing poverty, inequality, and other global problems by 2030. Such objectives have long been championed by philanthropists 1 Bill and Melinda Gates. In 2017, the Gates Foundation launched Goalkeepers, an initiative to spur action 2 and track progress toward the UN goals. Its 2018 status report says there have been "mind-blowing improvements in the human condition." The report also calls for more investment and innovation to ensure this progress continues. [B] Susan Goldberg, editor-in-chief of National Geographic Magazine, met with Bill and Melinda Gates for a joint interview on the report, which was released to the public on September 18, 2018. [C] I've just read the Goalkeepers report. Why did you decide to start doing this? Melinda Gates: Because we think that the news isn't really out there - the news that the world has made this incredible progress, this increase in lives saved, the reduction in poverty. The UN set these amazing goals for the future to help us continue to reduce poverty, and we want to make sure that we hold people accountable for that progress and really inspire the next generation of leaders who are going to take these tasks on. [D] What are you seeing in different countries? Who's doing a great job? Bill Gates: Even a very poor country can do a good job on health, can do a good job on agriculture, on education, and that provides a lot of hope because you can copy what's being done there. Rwanda has been a big outlier in the quality of health services. Ethiopia, on agriculture, is growing over 5 percent a year. In education, Vietnam is one we talk about because they're so far ahead of where you'd expect given their wealth. But it's when you get those three things together - health, education, agriculture - that eventually these countries can become self-sufficient. [E] MG: One of the things that's also encouraging: Rwanda is a very small country [in population], Ethiopia is the second largest on the continent of Africa - but they have learned the lessons of what has helped people make progress from around the world. So they're looking at what happened in Asia in agriculture, how did Brazil decrease the stunting 3 rate [among malnourished children] so phenomenally across a very large country with lots of poverty. [F] When you think about learning from one another, I was struck by the example from Vietnam, where you've got 15-year-olds who are doing as well on international tests in school as people from the United Kingdom or from the United States. What are the lessons from Vietnam that can translate across other countries? BG: It's a really new thing to try and get into the amount of learning. The agenda for poor countries up until now has largely been to get the kids into school - and attendance rates have gone up a lot, for girls and boys. The biggest missing piece still is how much knowledge they're gaining. A few countries, by training the teachers the right way and bringing the right material into the classroom, have really achieved learning way beyond what you might expect. [G] MG: When you look back at the UN goals that were initially set in 2000, one of the goals was to get kids into school, and that has essentially been achieved, particularly at the primary level and quite a bit at the secondary level. So it's neat to see a goal achieved, but now with this next set of goals, it's about how to get the depth of learning and the education right. [H] Thinking about Africa: How young it is, how many young people there are, is both a huge challenge and a great opportunity. Can you talk a little bit about that? BG: The African continent today is about a billion people out of the seven billion on Earth, and as this century goes forward, over half the young people in the entire world will be there. With those people moving into the job market, if the right investments are made - stability, education, health - Africa will have growth and innovation, far more than lots of other places. If, on the other hand, we don't take care of the HIV crisis, then you'll just have more people who will get infected. If you don't have the right conditions, then the young people, particularly the men, can add to that instability. So Africa definitely hangs in the balance. 4 [I] Melinda, family planning has been one of the issues that you're most involved in. Can you talk to me a little about that? MG: Family planning is crucial anywhere, in any community around the world, because if a woman can decide if and when to have a child, she's going to be healthier and her child is going to be healthier. That's one of the longest-standing pieces of global health research we have … [If parents] can space the births of those children, they can then feed them, they can educate them, the woman can work and contribute her income to the family. It changes everything in the family dynamic, and it changes the community, and ultimately you get these country-level effects where it's good for everybody. [J] You've gone all over the world and seen the problems up close. If you could wave a magic wand 5 and fix just one thing, what would it be? BG: The development of children. Today more than half the kids in Africa never fully develop physically or mentally because of malnutrition, their diet, and the diseases they face. With research on the human gut microbiome, 6 we're gaining an understanding of stunting, why they don't grow. I'm super excited that by the end of the decade we expect to have cheap interventions so those kids will fully develop. That means all the investments you make in their education, wanting to benefit from their productivity, will work far better. So if there was just one thing, it's the intervention to stop malnutrition. 1 A philanthropist is someone who freely gives money and help to people in need. 2 If something spurs you into action, it causes you to do something. 3 The word stunting refers to the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition and poor health. 4 If something hangs in the balance, no one is sure what will happen to it in the future. 5 A magic wand is a long thin rod that magicians or fairies wave when they perform tricks, sometimes to make a wish come true. 6 The human gut microbiome refers to the beneficial microbes that live in the human digestive system. In paragraph G, what does Melinda Gates mean by it's neat to see a goal achieved?
Whаt determines hоw mаny initiаl terms оf the recurrence relatiоn you need to be able to compute all of them? (like F(0), F(1), etc.)