Knowing a pollutant’s chemical properties is sufficient to explain why some social groups are more exposed to it than others.

A decline in a city’s average pollution level proves that air quality improved in every neighborhood.

Match each definition to the correct environmental sociological theory. Use each option once. Each correct pair is worth 0.5 point.

An airline advertises its flights as “zero-emission,” even though the flights still burn fossil fuel and release greenhouse gases. This misleading environmental marketing is called ________.

Once flood barriers reduce a town’s flood risk, the town no longer needs evacuation and emergency-response plans.

Two regions have access to the same cleaner production technology. Only one combines it with enforceable environmental standards and public participation. Why might ecological modernization be more successful in that region?

The VICE News documentary “Inside the Global Underground Wildlife Trafficking Market” discusses continued sales and alleged use of legal stockpiles to absorb illegally sourced pangolin scales. What does this evidence require an analysis of a trade restriction to distinguish?

A suburb closes some residential streets to through-traffic. Homes are still far from shops, and buses are infrequent. Why might residents still need to drive?

A country exports timber to wealthy consumers abroad. Its residents consume few wood products, but logging causes severe forest loss. How can these two conditions occur together?

A researcher predicts that expanding production will increase a region’s total use of energy and raw materials. Which finding would most directly challenge that prediction in this case?