My phone, smartwatch, tablet, and other electronic devices are out of reach unless specifically permitted by my instructor.

My testing area is free of notes, textbooks, papers, or other materials that are not authorized for the exam.

I have a reliable internet connection.

Question 2 — GEM Outcome 2Describe self and the world by examining the dynamic interaction of individuals, groups, and societies as they shape and are shaped by history, culture, institutions, and ideas.   The night before the Challenger launch, engineers and managers held a teleconference to decide whether cold weather made launching too risky. Your answer must address two paradigms: Postpositivism and Interpretivism. Explain how each paradigm shaped the way the engineers and the managers understood the same temperature data differently on that call, and how NASA’s institutional history and culture contributed to that difference.

All map projections perfectly preserve shape, area, distance, and direction without distortion.

Confirmation bias can occur when a data visualization is designed to highlight only the patterns that support a particular hypothesis.

Question 4 — GEM Outcome 4Evaluate how reasoning, history, or culture informs and guides individual, civic, or global decisions.   Describe a real decision you personally made, or watched a coworker or supervisor make, at any job you have held, even if it has nothing to do with your future career field. Explain the reasoning behind that decision at the time it was made. Then explain what workplace history or culture, such as a past incident, a mistake that was made before without consequence, or an unspoken norm, most likely shaped why that reasoning felt acceptable in the moment. Finally, evaluate whether the original reasoning actually held up, or whether it was really the history or culture doing the work instead of sound judgment.

Anchoring bias occurs when a misleading color scale or axis limit causes viewers to adjust their interpretation away from the initial visual reference point.

Including all relevant data in a visualization, even when some data contradicts the initial hypothesis, helps reduce confirmation bias.

Which of the following is not a reason why visualization is important in science?