Info for Diagram Questions The final part of this exam consists of four diagrams with individual question numbers that are circled or ovaled. From the list of possible responses below, select the letter that corresponds to the correct response for each question. Note: Some answers are used more than once. Some questions have more than one correct answer option. Any correct answer will receive full credit.

Info for Questions 26-30 The role of lactate (CH3CH(OH)CO2-) in metabolism was evaluated in a review article on lactate metabolism by L. B. Gladden (full citation: Gladden, L. B. (2004). Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. The Journal of physiology, 558(Pt 1), 5–30). The paragraph below is from the article. La- is lactate. “La- can no longer be considered the usual suspect for metabolic ‘crime’, but is instead a central player in cellular, regional and whole body metabolism. Overall, the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle has expanded far beyond its initial conception as an explanation for muscle and exercise metabolism to now subsume all of the other shuttles as a grand description of the role(s) of La- in numerous metabolic processes and pathways.” One of the proposed metabolic roles of lactate involves a metabolite shuttle between two types of cells within the brain. Glu is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The proposed shuttle system is shown in an illustration from the above-mentioned article and depicts, among other things, the recycling of Glu.  Image Description This picture depicts a chain of events that occurs in and between a glutaminergic neuron and an astrocyte, two types of cells within the brain. Two different reaction cycles are shown.   In the first, La (lactate) begins in the astrocyte. It is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, in the presence of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), lactate is converted into Pyr (pyruvate). Here the two reaction cycles intersect with each other. In the presence of AAT (alanine amino transferase), pyruvate is converted into Ala. Simultaneously, this allows Glu in the glutaminergic neuron to be converted into 2-oxoglutamate. The Ala is then able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and back into the astrocyte. In the astrocyte, the entire process is reversed. Ala is converted back into pyruvate in the presence of AAT, allowing 2-oxoglutamate in the astrocyte to simultaneously be converted into Glu. Pyruvate is then converted back into lactate in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase. At this point, the cycle repeats.   In the second cycle, Glu begins in the glutaminergic neuron. It is able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and into the astrocyte. There, in the presence of an unnamed enzyme, NH4- is added to Glu to create Gln. The NH4- was provided by converting the Glu produced in the previous cycle (through conversion of Ala into pyruvate) back into 2-oxoglutamate in the presence of GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase). This creates a new 2-oxoglutamate that can be converted into Glu again the next time the first cycle brings Ala into the astrocyte. Meanwhile, the Gln that was created by the addition of NH4- is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, the entire process is reversed. Gln is converted back into Glu and a free NH4- in the presence of an unnamed enzyme. This regenerates the Glu in the glutaminergic neuron that began this cycle. Meanwhile, the released NH4- is added back to a 2-oxoglutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase, re-forming the Glu that was transformed into 2-oxoglutamate in the first reaction cycle when pyruvate in the glutaminergic neuron was converted into Ala. The cycle then is able to repeat.

An increase in the price of a substitute good will

(Question based on the academic article):   What are the practical implications of the proposed theoretical model for managers?

(Question based on the academic article):   Which new concept or construct is introduced by the authors of the paper?

Crossing pigeons that have feathers on their legs and feet with pigeons that have scales on their legs and feet results in offspring that all have scales on their legs and feet. This indicates that the feathered legs and feet trait is 

Scenario 2 (Part 2): Consider the game you constructed for the previous question and the likely outcomes. Knowing what you do about game theory, describe a course of action that you could take as CEO to increase the likelihood of a desirable outcome for your firm.  Be explicit in how you could accomplish this (in terms of actual managerial actions we discussed in class) and discuss how/why this course of action would work.  

Suppose a monopolist faces a price elasticity of demand of -1.9 at the current price.  The monopolist:

Which of the following is true in the long run?

When working with patient who have dementia, what approaches are recommended to manage behavioral challenges?