What forms of religious expression persisted in the settlements as evidence of Catholic devotion?

What was a primary economic function of frontier presidios in the early 19th century Texas borderlands?

Which characteristics largely defined the “upper class” Tejanos as described in the excerpt?

Which factor helped explain how urban areas in the Far North faced health problems?

Which groups are identified as being least likely to achieve the prestigious status of ‘Spanish’ on the frontier?

Which healing practice did frontier women most commonly practice as part of their duties?

The remainder of the Tejano population beneath the upper crust included which groups?

What common belief about the colonial ranching elite is challenged by the text?

The process of mestizaje is described as dating back to the earliest years of Spain’s contact and continued in Texas unabated. Which best defines mestizaje?

Which groups were most likely to engage in writing and literacy on the frontier, according to the text?