Nan has high levels of the protein albumin in her urine. What is likely damaged?

Most digestion and absorption occurs in the

DIRECTIONS FOR ANSWERING SHORT ANSWER: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Partial credit will be given. You should answer one question from each block for a total of 2 short answer questions. You are to answer all parts of the one question you choose. BLOCK 2: CHOOSE EITHER QUESTION 1 OR QUESTION 2 OR QUESTION 3 TO ANSWER AND ANSWER ALL PARTS FOR FULL CREDIT (DO NOT ANSWER ALL 3, JUST 1 FROM THIS BLOCK). Make sure you tell me clearly which block and question you are answering. Use complete sentences, partial credit will be given. (10 pts) Question 1:  A 25-year-old athlete travels to a high-altitude training camp in Colorado. After a few weeks, blood tests show his hematocrit has increased significantly compared to sea level. He reports no illness and feels well aside from mild shortness of breath during his first few days at altitude. Answer the following questions about the above scenario.A.    What is the function of erythrocytes and what component within erythrocytes serves this function? (2pts)B.    What situation likely caused the increased hematocrit? (2pts)C.    Explain the negative feedback loop involved in regulation of normal hematocrit levels. Include all important organs and hormones involved. (4pts)D.    Will his erythrocyte count remain at this higher level? Why or why not? (2pts) Question 2: You are an ED Nurse working the overnight shift on a Friday night.  Shortly after 10PM several victims from a multivehicle crash are brought in.  All items are bleeding pretty bad and will need immediate transfusion of blood.A. Since this is an emergency and there is no time to do a blood screen, which blood type can you immediately give the incoming patients – if available? (1pt) B. Several of the patients have been stabilized but one is still in need of additional blood.  You are told his blood type is B positive (B+). Since the blood bank is running low on several types of blood, list all blood types that could possibly be given to this patient without a negative reaction? (NOTE: the more work you show the more likely you will be to get partial credit) (5pts) C. What blood types are considered the universal donor, and the universal recipient (make sure you tell me which is which) – be specific? (2 pts) D. What characteristics do the above blood types have that make them the universal donor and the universal recipient – be specific? (2 pts) Question 3: Phil, a friend of yours, has recently been diagnosed with Arteriosclerosis (condition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries leading to roughened and damaged endothelium) and his doctor has started him on anticoagulant and antihypertensive medications as treatment. Phil understands why he needs to take the antihypertensive medication but he doesn’t understand why he needs anticoagulants. Use your knowledge to help Phil understand. Include in your answer: A. The 2 blood clotting cascades used by our body. (2pts) B. A brief description of what activates each cascade. (4pts) C. Why his blood might clot due to the arteriosclerosis. (2pts) D. 2 mechanisms his body uses naturally to control abnormal, unnecessary blood clots. (2pts) AGAIN – ANSWER ONLY 1 OF THE ABOVE QUESTIONS FOR BLOCK 1

BONUS DIRECTIONS: Below are the questions from the last 3 essay blocks.  For the bonus you are to choose ONE question to answer.  You CANNOT choose a question you have already answered in a previous section.  Make sure you tell me clearly which block and question you are answering. Again, use complete sentences.  Partial credit will be given. (6 pts)  BLOCK 1: Question 1: Nick is an experienced climber but doesn’t understand why he needs to bring oxygen along for is higher climbs. Explain to Nick how oxygen is transported in the blood and what characteristics of the environment and the blood affect its transport. Include in your answer: A) The two ways oxygen is transported in the blood – including individual percentages. (2 pts) B) The effect partial pressure of oxygen has on oxygen transport. (2 pts) C) The effect high and low pH has on hemoglobin affinity and oxygen transport. (2 pts) D) The effect high and low pCO2 has on hemoglobin affinity and oxygen transport. (2 pts) E) The effect high and low temperature has on hemoglobin affinity and oxygen transport. (2 pts) Question 2: Clint is visiting his grandmother in the hospital. She was recently admitted with metabolic acidosis after ingesting too much aspirin. He was with her when she got sick and doesn’t understand why she was hyperventilating. Explain to Clint how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood and how carbon dioxide can be used in the regulation of blood pH. Include in your answer: A) The 3 ways carbon dioxide is transport in the blood – including individual percentages. (3 pts) B) How carbonic acid is created. (2 pts) C) Describe carbon dioxide concentration in the blood can be used to buffer both high and low blood pH. (5 pts) Question 3: You little brother, Dean, just got home from school where he dissected a rat. They talked about the respiratory system in class and how the diaphragm is involved in inhaling. He noticed, however, the rat’s diaphragm was not connected to the lungs. He doesn’t understand how contracting the diaphragm makes the lungs move. Explain to Dean the process of pulmonary ventilation (Inhalation and exhalation), include in your answer how the lungs will pull air in and push air out. Be VERY specific in your answer. Your answer should include:A) A discussion of Boyle’s law as it relates to pulmonary ventilation. (2 pts) B) How and what causes the thoracic cavity change during inhalation and exhalation. (4 pts)C) How and what causes the lungs to change during inhalation and exhalation. (4 pts) BLOCK 2: Question 1: Describe two characteristics of the corpuscle used to regulate how GFR and discuss the 2 mechanisms of RENAL AUTOREGULATION in terms of how they adjust those two characteristics. Include in your answer: A) The two characteristics of the corpuscle that are adjusted in order to regulate GFR. (2 pts) B) How the two above characteristics will change and how that change will affect GFR. (2 pts) C) List the two mechanisms of renal autoregulation. (2 pts) D) Describe how the two mechanism of renal autoregulation work to maintain GFR. (4 pts) Question 2: Sally is trying to understand why the presence of albumins in her urine is a symptom of kidney failure. Explain to Sally why albumins shouldn’t normally be found in urine. Include in your answer: A) The components make up the renal corpuscle. (1 pt) B) The components make up the endocapsular filtration membrane. (3 pts) C) What each layer excludes from entering the glomerular filtrate. (3 pts) D) At least 2 characteristics of the endocapsular filtration membrane that allow for enhanced filtration. (2 pts)E) Why albumins are not normally found in urine. (1 pt) Question 3: Individuals with high blood pressure are at high risk for developing kidney disease. How would high blood pressure and excessive water retention damage the kidney? Include in your answers: A) Discuss 2 effects hypertension has on the kidneys. (4pts) B) What specific part of the nephron is being damaged due to the high blood pressure AND why. (2 pts) C) What hormone is your body probably secreting in order to decrease the hypertension. (2 pt) D) What is the function of the above hormone (2 pts)

Substances in the body which minimize rapid changes in pH are

Marge lost about 200 liters of blood plasma per day through her glomeruli but urinated only 1.5 liters per day. What structure likely plays the most important role in water conservation?

Formation of dilute urine could cause

A college sophomore is analyzing the renal clearance of an unknown drug. They collect the following data for one minute: Amount of the drug filtered by glomerulus: 100 mg Amount of the drug reabsorbed by tubules: 75 mg Amount of the drug secreted by tubules: 15 mg What is the net amount of the drug, in milligrams (mg), that is excreted in the urine after one minute?

Your uncle has been diagnosed with renal insufficiency and placed on dialysis. He asks you why he has to take EPO now as well. What do you tell him?

As you age, vital capacity can decrease by as much as 35% by age 70.