71. The phrase ‘carcinoma in situ’ from the cancer chapter uses the same Latin root as ‘the ductus arteriosus regresses to form the ligamentum arteriosum.’ What does ‘in situ’ mean, and what does ‘ligamentum’ indicate in the cardiovascular context?

63. Which of the following behaviors is listed as a cancer prevention strategy because it reduces the risk of infection-related cancers?

[True / False] 22. True or False: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, sunlamps, and tanning booths causes early skin aging and DNA damage that can lead to skin cancer.

[True / False] 61. True or False: The Gardasil vaccine and the hepatitis B vaccine are cited as currently used cancer-prevention vaccines, with Gardasil preventing HPV-related cervical cancer and the hepatitis B vaccine preventing hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

40. In the TNM system, what does a designation of ‘M1’ indicate?

12. The sinoatrial (SA) node is described as the heart’s ‘internal pacemaker.’ Where is it located, and what is its primary function?

46. After birth, both the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus normally close. What triggers these closures?

Section 12: Applied & Integrative Questions 55. A 58-year-old man with a history of hypertension, smoking, and high LDL develops crushing chest pain during exercise that is relieved within minutes of resting. This is most consistent with which condition?

65. A radiologist reviewing a mammogram describes a breast mass as having ‘clear margins, round shape, and no projections.’ The physician in the lecture suggests this appearance is consistent with which type of tumor?

[True / False] 54. True or False: Chemotherapy is typically more effective than surgery or radiation at treating local, non-metastatic tumors because it is a systemic treatment.