The sun is 33° above the horizon. It makes a 18 m long shadow of a tree along the ground. How tall is the tree? Show your work or explain your reasoning.

A cyclist is waiting at an intersection. Once it’s safe to cross, they begin to cycle again. They reach their cruising speed after traveling 5.5 meters over 6.0 seconds. What is the magnitude of the net force on the cyclist during that time? The combined mass of the cyclist and bike is 92 kg. Show your work or explain your reasoning.

A professional gymnast is jumping straight up and down on a trampoline. In one particularly energetic jump, they leave the trampoline’s surface with a speed of 9.4 m/s. What height above the trampoline will they reach on this jump? Air resistance is negligible (i.e. can be ignored). Show your work or explain your reasoning.

You begin sliding down a 12° ski slope at 1.5 m/s. Ignoring friction and air resistance, how fast will you be moving after sliding for 5.0 seconds? Show your work or explain your reasoning.

A drug completely inhibits the sodium-potassium pumps in a neuron. The neuron may still generate action potentials briefly, but signaling eventually fails. Why is failure not necessarily immediate?

A patient takes a medication that mimics cortisol for several weeks. Assuming normal negative feedback, what should happen?

Match the drug to its drug class.

The same presynaptic neuron produces two identical excitatory postsynaptic potentials. When they occur far apart in time, the postsynaptic neuron does not reach threshold. When they occur in rapid succession, it does. Why?

Only a small number of hormone molecules bind to receptors on a target cell, yet the response inside the cell is large. How can a cAMP signaling pathway produce this amplification?

Short Answer Questions For the short-answer section, choose four of the five questions to answer. If you answer all five, I will grade the first four. Each response is worth 20 points. Answer all parts of each question you choose and show your reasoning clearly.