In one iteration of Lloyd’s algorithm, what happens during the “update” step?

Why does convexity matter for gradient descent?

Required sample size per group in an A/B test scales as 1/delta^2, where delta is the minimum detectable effect. If you halve the minimum detectable effect you want to reliably detect (holding power and alpha fixed), the required sample size per group:

Why does backpropagation make it computationally tractable to train networks with many layers?

Which of the following DAG structures becomes MORE biased, not less, if you control for the middle variable?

Which linkage criterion merges the pair of clusters whose combination causes the smallest increase in within-cluster variance?

Using momentum with beta = 0.9 and velocity v initialized to 0, suppose the gradient is 2 at step 1 and 4 at step 2. What is the velocity v after step 2?

Lloyd’s algorithm for K-means alternates an assign step and an update step. What quantity does every iteration monotonically decrease (or leave unchanged)?

Use the graph of the function given below.  If the limit is infinite, write  or .  If the limit does not exist and is not infinite, write DNE. Use the math editor (“Insert Math Equation” as needed on the toolbar) to enter your final answer. Show all work on your paper.                                                                                          What type of discontinuity is at x = 2?                    

Use the graph of the function given below.  If the limit is infinite, write or .  If the limit does not exist and is not infinite, write DNE. Use the math editor (“Insert Math Equation” as needed on the toolbar) to enter your final answer. Show all work on your paper.                                                                                          Find .