In 1983, in an attempt to control costs, Medicare introduced the Prospective Payment System (PPS). In the first few years after its introduction, costs grew slowly. However, after 1988, cost increases crept back up. Which of the following is not a reason for the resurgence in cost growth after 1988?

School Competition One strategy for improving K-12 education is for government to provide families with vouchers that they can use to pay for any school (public or private) of their choosing. The hope is that competition will cause schools to increase their effectiveness (or value added) in helping children learn. This is because families will migrate away from schools with low value added and towards schools with high value added. Unfortunately, empirical analysis of voucher systems has found mixed results. In some settings, vouchers have boosted learning (e.g., Colombia), while in others they have actually caused it to decline (e.g., Louisiana). Explain this disparate set of results. Under what conditions will competition cause schools to increase their value added? How is it possible that this happens in some settings but not others?

Chandra et al. (2021)  Chandra et al. (2024) studies the health consequences of patient cost sharing. (a) Describe the natural experiment that the paper exploits. (b) What implications does the paper have for the optimal design of health insurance?

Multiple Choice In the following multiple-choice questions, select the single correct answer.

The Medicare Part D donut hole is that:

Short-Answer Questions Type your answers to the following short-answer questions. Make sure to address all parts of the questions and clearly label your answers.

Miller et al. (2021)  Miller et al. (2021) studies the effects of the Medicaid expansions due to the ACA. (a) What are the questions that the paper asks? (b) What is the main treatment variable? (c) What are the outcomes that the paper examines? (d) Define potential outcomes with respect to mortality. Define the individual treatment effect on mortality. (e) Let index individuals, and let index years. Also, let be an indicator for whether individual has Medicaid in year . Next, let be an indicator for whether is in the treatment group (i.e., the expansion states), and let be an indicator for the post period (i.e., the years after the expansion). Finally, let

The nurse practitioner starts the patient on fluoxetine. After teaching the patient about this new drug, which statement indicates that the patient understands the teaching? 

A nurse is preparing to administer 400 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride IV over 8 hr. The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is 60 gtt/mL. The nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver how many gtt/min? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) _____ gtts/min Number only

Place the following interventions in the order in which they would be carried out based on priority from most important first to least important last.