During staining processes in lab, list 2 reasons that bacterial smears ‘fixed’ before stains are applied.

[BLANK-1] opposed the concept of popular sovereignty in regard to the admission of new states to the union in the leadup to the Civil War. This politician debated the issue with his opponent for a seat in the U.S. Senate, Stephen A. Douglas. While Douglas argued that it should be up to the people in individual territories to vote and decide whether their future state should be free, this politician argued against the idea. He claimed that “a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new – North as well as South.” While this politician argued his position eloquently, he lost the election to Douglas.

Congress adopted [BLANK-1] in 1819 in hopes of assimilating Native Americans. Missionaries willing to establish schools among Native American tribes were given a grant of $10,000 annually.

John Brown’s anti-slavery terrorism came to an end at [BLANK-1] in 1859, when he tried to capture a federal armory to instigate a slave rebellion. He was stopped by U.S. Army forces under the command of Robert E. Lee (incidentally, Lee’s final notable action as a member of the army before joining the Confederacy). Brown was tried, found guilty, and executed for treason as a result of the raid. He found many sympathizers in the North (including future presidents James. A. Garfield and Rutherford B. Hayes), but was viewed as a treasonous villain in the South. The varying reactions to Brown’s raid and execution speak to the deep sectional divisions in America over slavery at the time.

​Abraham Lincoln​Ambrose Bierce​Ann Bell​The Civilization Fund Act​Filibustering​The Free State Legacy​Fort Pillow​Harpers Ferry​Hinton Rowan Helper​”I Hope to Have God on My Side, but I Must Have Kentucky”​James Lane​John L. O’Sullivan​Lawrence​Leavenworth​Martha Read​The Mexican-American War​”A Rich Man’s War but a Poor Man’s Fight”​Northern Advantages​Southern Advantages​The Texas Revolution

Prior to around 1800, slavery appeared to be dying a natural death in the United States. Many northern states had outlawed the practice, manumission was on the rise, and many Americans saw that the institution ran counter to the new nation’s ideals (such as liberty). However, [BLANK-1] began around the turn of the century and breathed new life into the institution. Innovations to a gin machine that deseeded raw materials and the development of a new strain known as Petit Gulf made a previously impractical crop the Lower South’s most important cash crop. The process of Indian Removal throughout the 1820s and 1830s, and the abundance of cheap land that had previously been owned by Native Americans, further fueled this resurgence of slavery. These changes made slavery more integral than ever to the southern economy and worsened the divide between the North and the South.

While Americans initially supported [BLANK-1] almost universally, as the event grew more chaotic, violent, and radical by the early 1790s, support for or against the new republic firmly divided Americans along political factions. Supporters tended to become Democratic-Republicans and opponents tended to be Federalists. As the event spiraled into general warfare in Europe, maintaining neutrality with European powers became the prime focus on the new American government throughout the 1790s.

[BLANK-1] traveled extensively throughout the United States during the 1830s to write his book, Democracy in America. He argued that the United States, more than any other country, had taken steps to make distinct lines between men and women in the public and private spheres. Therefore, he concluded, it was justified that women were denied political rights as they were largely absent from the public sphere of business and industry. The author observed that women did not feel ill-treated as a result of their lack of political rights.

Most founding fathers, such as Alexander Hamilton, were wary of ordinary citizens’ influence on government and favored severe limits to democracy. They tended to believe that too much participation by the masses would undermine good order and prevent the creation of a secure and united republican society. [BLANK-1], a Massachusetts delegate to the Constitutional Convention who initially refused to sign the finished Constitution, summed up these fears by saying, “the evils we experience flow from an excess of democracy.” In the first decades of the United States, there were protections in place (such as property ownership requirements) that prevented ordinary people (even white men) from voting. It was only with the Growth of Democracy in the 1820s and 1830s that property-ownership requirements were dropped in all states and the franchise expanded to include poor or propertyless white men.

[BLANK-1] was a huge economic depression that occurred during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, but which was largely caused by Andrew Jackson’s presidential policies (including the Bank War, his attack on the monetary system, his condemnation of Henry Clay’s American System, and his decision to veto national infrastructure legislation). The situation worsened when Jackson passed the Specie Circular a few months before the end of his second term, requiring all land to be purchased using hard specie (gold or silver). These further deprived banks of specie and, alongside an overinvestment of British capital and land speculation, led to an increase in American foreign indebtedness. This depression tanked Van Buren’s popularity and it took six years for the American economy to begin to recover.