A 68-year-old male with a history of smoking, diabetes, and hypertension reports calf pain that occurs when walking approximately two blocks and resolves with rest. Which diagnosis is most likely?

A nurse practitioner is educating a patient about abdominal aortic aneurysms. Which statement best describes an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A 58-year-old male presents to the emergency department with acute substernal chest pressure radiating to his left arm. His symptoms began 45 minutes ago and are associated with diaphoresis and nausea. The nurse practitioner suspects acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and recognizes that timely diagnosis is critical to optimize patient outcomes. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test to obtain when evaluating this patient for ACS?

A nurse practitioner is educating a patient about heart failure. Which statement best describes heart failure?

A 43-year-old patient presents to the clinic reporting several acute symptoms that raise concern for myocardial ischemia. The nurse practitioner recognizes that acute myocardial infarction may present with both classic and atypical manifestations. Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction and warrant immediate cardiovascular evaluation? Select all that apply.

A 62-year-old African American male presents for follow-up after being diagnosed with hypertension 3 months ago. Despite adherence to lifestyle modifications, his average home blood pressure readings remain 152/94 mmHg. His medical history is significant for hyperlipidemia. He denies diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, or coronary artery disease. Physical examination is unremarkable, and laboratory studies are within normal limits. According to the JNC 8 guidelines, which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacologic treatment?

A 49-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents for follow-up of hypertension. He reports intermittent headaches and increasing fatigue over the past several months but denies chest pain, dyspnea, or visual changes. Review of his records reveals a blood pressure of 151/90 mmHg at his previous visit and 143/88 mmHg today. Current medications include metformin 1,000 mg twice daily. Physical examination is otherwise unremarkable.   Based on current hypertension management guidelines (JNC8) and the patient’s comorbid condition, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 69-year-old patient asks which symptom should prompt immediate evaluation when experiencing palpitations.

A patient with hypertension asks why treatment is important even though he feels well. Which response is most appropriate?

This is a bonus question. If correct, you will be awarded 0.25 points. If incorrect, no points will be lost.    A patient is diagnosed with heart failure. Echocardiography reveals an ejection fraction of 30%. Which classification is most appropriate?