14th Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.  1. Is there any clause (=provision) of the 14th Amendment that protects noncitizens and foreign nationals regardless of their immigration status? Explain?

Some states have banned death penalty. However, the federal government continues to execute inmates sentenced to death. Explain why death penalty is still constitutional for the federal government. Note: the answer is found in the 5th Amendment and in the 14th Amendment. See text below: Fifth Amendment No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Explain what criminal law and criminal procedure are all about and the relationship between these two concepts

Warrantless evidence collected by the police through eavesdropping of loud conversation in a restaurant is admissible in court.

When a police officer or a federal agent says they have probable cause to apply for a search warrant to search a residence, what do they mean?   Note: I will NOT accept the general, popular, and vague definition of probable cause:  “A reasonable ground to suspect that a person has committed or is committing a crime or that a place contains specific items connected with a crime”.  

According to the law of demand, the quantity of a good demanded in a given time period:

Assume that the current market price is below the market clearing level. We would expect:

If the equilibrium price has decreased, and the equilibrium quantity has increased in the market for toothpaste, what could have caused this?

An example of substitute goods would be

There will be fill-in-the-blank questions on our exams and quizzes, which ask you to supply suitable words to complete the sentences. To prepare for this type of questions, please read the course packet. This review will only provide the following example: Economics is a science of ___________. Note: It is a challenging task for computers to grade verbal questions. To avoid complications, the answer to each question in the warm-up quiz is a single word. Answers to questions in exams can consists of any number of words. Please make sure of your spelling and capitalization. Please do not enter unnecessary symbols or blank spaces. Double-check before you submit your answers.