For Karl Marx (and American Marxists like Eugene Debs who founded the Socialist Party of America (and who was thanked by Mayor Zoran Mamdani in his mayoral acceptance speech in November 2025),    What is the 2nd stage of the Synthesis for Karl Marx?  

Dallas Willard argues that a good test to see if we are truly concerned about discovering truth is to ask this question: _________________________. 

When journalists leave the deontological goal of being “objective” journalists and just reporting the news to educate the American public, and instead engage in activist journalism and try to push an agenda and try to destroy someone (e.g. news was 95% negative on President Trump from 2016-2020), what ethical theory would justify these actions?  

Jean-Paul Sartre, the French atheist, said, “. . . If _____________________, we find no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct.  So, in the bright realm of values, we have no excuse behind us, nor justification before us.  We are alone, with no excuses.” .  

Let’s say a jihadist Islamist says that you need to behead everyone in your classroom, or else he is going to nuke the whole campus and kill thousands.  If sacrificing the lives of 25 – 50 innocent people would produce much more pleasure and less pain in the world than not sacrificing them, the Act Utilitarian would say the sacrifice is justified.

One problem that Muslim Reformers claim that is not discussed in the media and by government officials is the difference between Islamism (political Islam) and other religions.  Dr. Zuhdi Jassar and others argue that Islamism runs opposed to the U.S. Constitution since the goal of Islamism is to remove the Constitution and replace it with Islamic Shari’a Law.   . They argue that most Americans (and the Federal judges who blocked President Trump’s “Travel Ban”) assume that Islam is a private religion like Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, etc. when Islamism is very different–it involves politics and the imposition of Islamic Law (Shari’a) on all Americans (and, eventually, the entire world).  . Since Islamism is not just a private religion like Judaism, Christianity, etc. Islamist Imams who promote it are committing what crime in the United States of America?   

What is the major difference between the God preached by Jesus (in the Gospels or the Injil) and the God preached by Muhammad (in the Qur’an)? 

Distinguishing the value of humans from the value of animals:  Kant believed that we do not have any obligations to animals because they:

According to Kant, one should perform moral duty solely:

An argument in the philosophical sense is a set of statements in which one or more of the statements attempt to provide reasons or evidence for the truth of another statement.  In other words, an argument consists of reasons to believe some claim.  Last Update: 8 June 2014