When a person’s behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, this is referred to as ______.

______ is the assumption that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice.

When researchers use aggregate statistics to study crime, they are doing ______ analysis.

Longitudinal studies and ______ studies can address an experiential effect.

The NCVS is criticized because it does not collect data on homicide.

Which of the following is an example of how informal sanctions might affect an individual?

Lombroso’s initial claim that tattoos were one way to identify born criminals violates which criteria of causality?

According to Routine Activities Theory, which of the following represents the ideal situation in which crime will occur?

According to Sheldon’s theory, mesomorphic people are morel likely to have which of these traits?

One of Goddard’s main findings was that criminality is more common in some families.