Explain the differences between endotoxins and exotoxins produced by bacteria. In your response, address all of the following:(1 point) Identify the types of bacteria (Gram-positive or Gram-negative) that typically produce endotoxins vs. exotoxins.(1 point) Describe the chemical composition of endotoxins and exotoxins (e.g., lipid A vs. proteins).(1 point) Explain how each toxin is released from the bacterial cell.(1 point) Compare the typical severity and specificity of their effects on the host.(1 point) Discuss one clinical implication or example of each toxin type.

Explain the differences between obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes. In your response, address all of the following:(1 point) Define obligate aerobes and explain why they require oxygen.(1 point) Define facultative anaerobes and describe how they can survive in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.(1 point) Define obligate anaerobes and explain why oxygen is toxic to them.(1 point) Compare how each of the three types generates ATP (e.g., aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation).(1 point) Describe how each type would grow in a thioglycollate tube or similar oxygen gradient environment.

Explain the differences between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. In your response, address all of the following:(1 point) Describe the overall function and speed of response of the innate immune system.(1 point) Describe the overall function and specificity of the adaptive immune system.(1 point) Identify one example of an innate immune defense and explain how it works.(1 point) Identify one example of an adaptive immune defense (humoral or cellular) and explain how it works.(1 point) Explain how the two systems interact or support each other during an immune response.

Explain five pathological diseases caused by eukaryotic organisms (such as protists, fungi, and helminths). In your response, address all of the following:(1 point) Identify a disease caused by a protist and describe the organism and its pathogenic effects.(1 point) Identify a disease caused by a fungus and describe the organism and its pathogenic effects.(1 point) Identify a disease caused by a helminth (worm) and describe the organism and its pathogenic effects.(1 point) Identify a second disease caused by any eukaryotic pathogen (protist, fungus, or helminth) and describe how it infects or harms the host.(1 point) Identify a third additional disease caused by any eukaryotic pathogen and briefly explain its mode of transmission or major symptom(s).

Compare and contrast the cellular characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In your response, address all of the following:(1 point) Describe one structural feature unique to prokaryotes.(1 point) Describe one structural feature unique to eukaryotes.(1 point) Explain one major similarity shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.(1 point) Compare how DNA is organized in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells.(1 point) Contrast how cell division occurs in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes.

In the context of hormones that suppress appetite,________ is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain the appetite stimulant neuropeptide Y (NPY), thereby signaling the body that it has had enough to eat.

Three key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses are

________ focuses attention on the stress-provoking situation, and people are most likely to use it when they think they can change the situation.

According to the________, how stressful a situation is for an individual depends on what the situation means to the individual.

Which of the following is a behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which a therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object?