BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q1: A muscle biopsy from a patient with unexplained weakness shows abundant synaptic vesicles accumulated near the neuromuscular junction, with little neurotransmitter release. The responsible mutation prevents vesicle proteins from forming a stable complex with membrane proteins. Which protein family is most directly impaired?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q4: Malate‑aspartate shuttle activity increases during fasting in the liver. Which statement best explains why?

The next 3 questions (10-12) are based on the following clinical case: A 32-year-old male with Type 2 diabetes is being treated with a drug that enhances insulin signaling and glucose uptake. He also takes a medication that acts as an antagonist and targets β-adrenergic receptors to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). After a few weeks, he reports improved glucose control but experiences episodes of dizziness and fatigue. BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q10: Which signaling pathway is primarily enhanced by the insulin-sensitizing drug?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q8: A neuron is stimulated by a neurotransmitter that opens ligand‑gated Cl⁻ channels on the postsynaptic membrane. What effect will this have on membrane potential?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q7: A small-molecule inhibitor blocks the interaction between Grb2 and Sos without affecting Grb2’s ability to bind the RTK. Which outcome is expected?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q16: You see in your clinic a patient who complains that they are unable to carry out long, intensive exercise. You have a muscle biopsy performed, and the results indicate a deficiency in the enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction. What is the enzyme, and why does a deficiency of this enzyme lead to rapid muscle fatigue?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q23: Which glycolytic intermediate is directly shared with the pentose phosphate pathway and determines whether glucose flux enters glycolysis or the PPP?

BCH 4024 OC 3426 SP26 E2 Q17: A newly discovered four‑pass membrane protein shows one 22‑residue hydrophobic segment near residue 40 and three similar hydrophobic segments later in the sequence. Lys/Arg clusters are enriched on the loop/intervening sequence between helix 2 and helix 3. Given these observations, which overall orientation is most consistent with membrane topology rules?

Perform a convolution of matrix A with kernel K with zero padding.     A =  1 2 3 4 0 1 0 2 3 1 2 1 2 0 1 3 K = [1 0 -1]

Immediately after a three-phase short circuit at the terminals of an unloaded synchronous generator, the fault current is determined primarily by: