The concept of probation arose in the United States in 1841 in Boston.

In which system is the accused presumed innocent, with the burden of proof on the state?

Bonus question 2: In your opinion, do inmates have adequate legal recourse today to challenge poor conditions of confinement? Explain your reasoning in 3–5 sentences.

Who is credited as the first probation officer, posting bail for offenders and providing job assistance?

What term describes a sentence of conditional release to the community under supervision?

______ rea, meaning “guilty mind,” is required for an act or omission to be a crime.Word bank: Bill, Conspiracy, Duress, Incorporation, indictment, Law, Mala, Mens, Monitoring, Specific, Uniform, Vicarious

A plea of nolo contendere means “guilty as charged.”

Bonus question 2: In your opinion, should the insanity defense (such as the M’Naghten Rule) be reformed, expanded, or eliminated? Explain your reasoning in 3–5 sentences.

Which case represented the first step in applying free-speech and free-press provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states?

Bonus question 1: In your opinion, should private companies be allowed to operate prisons? Explain your reasoning in 3–5 sentences.