Humans can act as agents of evolution, such as selective breeding of organisms for specific traits through the process of _________. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #4: According to course materials only, define pathogenicity, then list and explain the four pathogenicity requirements. (5pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

Plasma cells are responsible for antibody formation.   

Exotoxins are harmful proteins secreted by bacteria.   

Which type of water is denser (more molecules packed in)?  Liquid water or solid water (ice)? 

ESSAY QUESTION #2:  In essay format and according to course materials only, list and describe each of the five stages of a lytic infection caused by a bacteriophage. (10pts) NOTE: When writing your essay response, be sure to write in essay format. Points shall be deducted with improper use of grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation. I further expect to see well-constructed sentences with no errors in mechanics. I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses about the lytic infection derived from material from the course lecture videos or course powerpoint will be accepted. Further, as a ten point essay question, you must describe each stage of a lytic infection in a way that shows me you understand the materials you learned directly from class. 

A lipid made of two fatty acids, one glycerol and a phosphate group is a _________. 

Chemical reactions can create matter. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #2: According to course materials only, write out the sequence of amino acids based on the mRNA transcript written below. (1pt) AUGCGGUCGCGCCGUUGA NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #4: According to course materials only, explain inhibition as it involves enzymes, then list and differentiate between the two types of enzyme inhibition. (3pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.