A biologist named Hamilton first proposed the idea that animals might have an evolutionary incentive to behave altruistically in certain circumstances. His idea of inclusive fitness can be explained by the fact that 

In an investigation of interspecies competition, researchers grew the unicellular protozoan Paramecium aurelia in a 5 mL culture and Paramecium caudatum in a separate 5 mL culture. P. aurelia and P. caudatum were grown together in a third 5 mL culture. Each day a small sample of each culture was removed so the total number of individuals could be estimated, and the remainder of the population was transferred to fresh growth medium. The experimental results are represented in the graphs below. The horizontal axis is labeled “Time, in days,” and the numbers 1 through 25 are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled “Number of Individuals per 5 milliliters,” and the numbers O through 700, in increments of 100, are indicated. The data represented by the points on the graph are as follows. Point 1, 1 day, O individuals perO milliliters. Point 2, 2 days, 10 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 3, 3 days, 20 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 4, 4 days, 60 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 5, 5 days, 90 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 6, 6 days, 190 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 7, 7 days, 260 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 8, 8 days, 320 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 9, 9 days, 410 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 10, 10 days, 500 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 11, 11 days, 570 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 12, 12 days, 610 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 13, 13 days, 510 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 14, 14 days, 580 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 15, 15 days, 550 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 16, 16 days, 550 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 17, 17 days, 510 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 18, 18 days, 570 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 19, 19 days, 510 individuals per 5 milliliters. The horizontal axis is labeled “Time, in days,” and the numbers 1 through 25 are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled “Number of Individuals per 5 milliliters,” and the numbers O through 250, in increments of 50, are indicated. The data represented by the points on the graph are as follows. Point 1, 1 day, 0 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 2, 2 days, 10 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 3, 3 days, 10 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 4, 4 days, 10 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 5, 5 days, 20 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 6, 6 days, 60 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 7, 7 days, 110 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 8, 8 days, 140 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 9, 9 days, 165 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 10, 10 days, 190 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 11, 11 days, 220 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 12, 12 days, 200 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 13, 13 days, 200 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 14, 14 days, 180 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 15, 15 days, 190 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 16, 16 days, 180 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 17, 17 days, 190 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 18, 18 days, 205 individuals per 5 milliliters. Point 19, 19 days, 208 individuals per 5 milliliters. The horizontal axis is labeled “Time, in days,” and the numbers 1 through 25 are indicated, The vertical axis is labeled “Number of Individuals per 5 milliliters,” and the numbers O through 450, in increments of 50, are indicated. A key indicates that one line represents P aurelia, and the other line represents P caudatum. Both lines begin at 1 day, and 0 individuals per 5 milliliters. The line representing P caudatum spikes momentarily above the line representing P aurelia after 2 days, but then falls back down toward the horizontal axis and remains below the line representing P Aurelia until both graphs end. The data represented by the points on each line are as follows. Point 1, 1 day. P aurelia, 0. P caudatum, 0. Point 2, 2 days. P aurelia, 10. P caudatum, 145. Point 3, 3 days. P aurelia, 25. P caudatum, 10. Point 4, 4 days. P aurelia, 55. P caudatum, 30. Point 5, 5 days. P aurelia, 95. P caudatum, 50. Point 6, 6 days. P aurelia, 200. p caudatum, 90. Point 7, 7 days. P aurelia, iss. p caudatum, 110. Point 8, 8 days. P aurelia, 220. p caudatum, 125. Point 9, 9 days. P aurelia, 295. p caudatum, 100. Point 10, 10 days. P aurelia, 240. P caudatum, 90. Point 11, 11 days. P aurelia, 300. P caudatum, 70. Point 12, 12 days. P aurelia, 300. P caudatum, 90. Point 13, 13 days. P aurelia, 340. P caudatum, 60. Point 14, 14 days. P aurelia, 390. P caudatum, 70. Point 15, 15 days. P aurelia, 340. P caudatum, 55. Point 16, 16 days. P aurelia, 360. P caudatum, 56. Point 17, 17 days. P aurelia, 335. P caudatum, 48. Point 18, 18 days. P aurelia, 360. P caudatum, 50. Point 19, 19 days. P aurelia, 305. P caudatum, 50. Point 20, 20 days. P aurelia, 350. P caudatum, 50. Point 21, 21 days. P aurelia, 325. P caudatum, 48. Point 22, 22 days. P aurelia, 350. P caudatum, 20. Point 23, 23 days. P aurelia, 350. P caudatum, 20. Point 24, 24 days. P aurelia, 325. P caudatum, 40. Point 25, 25 days. P aurelia, 350. P caudatum, 25. Based on the experimental results, which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the two populations that were studied in the investigation?

Nine percent of a population is homozygous recessive (aa) at a certain locus. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the recessive allele (a)?

Greylag goslings seem to instinctively follow their mother–so much so that it might appear to be a fixed action pattern. In the 1930’s, biologist Konrad Lorenz did studies with hatched greylag geese–little goslings that had never seen their mother. What he found was that the goslings would actually follow the first moving thing they saw–whether that was his boots or even a model train. This is an example of ______.

Which of the following is not one of the main hypotheses for why food chains are relatively short?

The following questions refer to the data presented in the graph below of tobacco cells grown in tissue culture. The numbers on the curves indicate the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in milligrams per liter. The horizontal axis is labeled Concentration of Kinetin in Medium in milligrams per liter, and the vertical axis is labeled Fresh weight of tobacco callus, also called undifferentiated tissue, after four weeks of growth in grams. The horizontal axis is labeled from zero to ten point two four with even-spaced increments from left to right that are labeled zero point zero four, zero point one six, zero point six four, two point five six, and ten point two four ending. There is a tick mark at each number. The horizontal axis is labeled zero to twenty-five in increments of five, with a tick mark at each increment. There are four lines on the graph, each representing a treatment with I A A. The curve for zero milligrams per liter of I A A is represented by a dotted line. It starts at zero and increases slightly but steadily to approximately two grams by ten point two four milligrams per liter of kinetin. The curve for one milligram per liter of I A A is represented by a line of short dashes. It starts at ten grams, peaks at thirteen grams at zero point zero four milligrams of kinetin, and then decreases to two, flattening out as it reaches zero point six four milligrams kinetin. The curve for four milligrams per liter of I A A is represented by a line of longer dashes. It starts at ten grams, peaks to twenty grams at zero point zero eight milligrams per liter of kinetin, and then decreases to two grams, flattening out just after zero point six four milligrams per liter of kinetin. The curve for twenty-seven milligrams per liter of I A A is represented by a solid line. It starts constant at ten grams until zero point zero four milligrams of kinetin, and then is followed by a big, slow curve that has a long, blunt peak at twenty-three grams and zero point six four milligrams kinetin, and then slowly starts decreasing at an exponential rate, decreasing to three grams at ten point two four milligrams kinetin. The optimum concentrations of hormones for promoting maximum tobacco cell growth are

Which of the following statements most directly supports the claim that different species of organisms use different metabolic strategies to meet their energy requirements for growth, reproduction, and homeostasis?

Spirogyra (a green alga), a moss, a spruce tree, and an apple tree. Table 1 compares several characteristics in the organisms (+ indicates the trait is present, − indicates the trait is absent). Table 1. Comparison of several characteristics in four photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms Green Alga Moss Spruce Tree Apple Tree Cell wall composed of cellulose + + + + Vascular tissue – – + + Roots – – + + Seeds enclosed in fruit – – – + Flagellated sperm cells – + – – Which of the following rows of data listed in table 1 best supports the possibility of a common ancestor for the organisms listed there?

A(n) ______ is the sum of the resources a species uses in its environment.

Figure 1 shows some relevant details of a model of how a deoxynucleotide, in this case dTMP, is added to a growing strand of DNA. A D N A template that consists of nine nucleotides is shown. Five nucleotides have already been added to the complementary strand that is growing from left to right along the template. The left end of the growing strand is labeled 5 prime, and the right end is labeled 3 prime. The left end of the template strand is labeled 3 prime, and the right end is labeled 5 prime. An incoming d T T P has three phosphate groups. Arrows indicate that the two outermost phosphate groups split off as the d T M P with the remaining phosphate group is about to join to the 3 prime end of the growing strand. Figure 1. Model showing details of adding a deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) nucleotide to a growing strand of DNA The features of this model provide evidence for which explanation of why all growing strands are synthesized in a 5′ to 3′ direction?