A 1-day-old neonate presents to the intensive care unit in cardiogenic shock. An emergency echocardiogram reveals the following 2D SAX and Apical 4 chamber views. What is the most likely diagnosis and which critical images must you, the sonographer, obtain?

The primary echocardiographic hallmark of an aortic dissection is:  

What is the most likely source of the artifact noted in this 2D color Doppler image?

When imaging a patient in the cardiac ICU, you image an Impella cannula placement in the long axis view, where should the cannula measured and what is the correct length for this measurement?

While performing a routine echocardiogram on a newborn in the nursery you obtain the following 2D image in the apical 4 chamber view. What is the most likely cardiac diagnosis based on this 2D image?

A neonatal patient presents for an echocardiographic evaluation to rule out anomalous pulmonary venous return. The sonographer optimizes the color Doppler Nyquist limit and obtains a high parasternal/suprasternal short-axis view, frequently referred to as the “crab view”, to visualize the pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium. Which of the following statements best describes following 2D image with color Doppler?

Which cardiac structure is noted by the arrow in this 3D image?

During a routine echocardiogram on a newborn you visualize a structure with a left to right shunt in the high left parasternal view. Anatomically, what is this structure and which structures does it form a direct conduit between?

All future benefits and costs are measured in constant 2026 dollars. Which NPV setup keeps the dollar units consistent?

Annual hospital visits fall from 30,000 to 15,000 after a program begins. Over the same period, visits fall by 6,000 in comparable untreated cities. A well-matched valuation study supports a shadow price of $4,000 per avoided visit. If the comparison-city trend is the appropriate counterfactual, which annual benefit estimate is best supported?