What is a lease system?

When assessing a 76-year-old male patient during a Geriatric Clinic follow up visit, you determine that his score on the FRAIL scale is 2.  Which of the following statements best describes the correct interpretation of this FRAIL scale score?

A 78-year-old woman presents for evaluation with a severe unilateral headache, jaw pain, and scalp tenderness. The patient states the headache is of a piercing quality; her jaw hurts only when she chews and feels better a few minutes after she stops chewing. Tenderness is present over the temporal artery on the same side as her headache, and prednisone is prescribed until the patient can see a specialist.  Which of the following reasons is the major justification for beginning treatment with corticosteroids in a patient with this condition?

An 88-year-old male complaining of abdominal pain arrives at the Emergency Department with his wife. A mini-mental status exam reveals pronounced forgetfulness and confusion. The patient is discovered to have acute appendicitis requiring immediate surgery. He is unable to understand the situation and cannot provide informed consent.  The wife of the patient is his designated Health Care Proxy.  What further action should the medical provider take?

Full thickness tissue loss; subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or muscle are not exposed describes what stage of a pressure ulcer?

When interpreting the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score for an elderly patient during a routine health maintenance visit, you note that the score is 14.  How would you interpret this score?

A 76-year-old male patient with a PMH significant for osteoarthritis, presents for evaluation accompanied by his wife.  She is very concerned about some recent symptoms that he has been experiencing.  She states that her husband has begun ‘staring into space’ for lengthy periods of time, and reports that he has also had episodes of disorganized speech.  The patient has become increasingly drowsy during the day, and now frequently takes daytime naps.  Most frightening to the patient and his wife, is the occurrence of visual hallucinations.  Based on this information, which of the following conditions would be your provisional diagnosis for the patient?

You have completed comprehensive testing on an 80-year-old female and your diagnosis is Alzheimer’s dementia.  You believe that she is in the very early stages of the disease, and want to try a medication to possibly slow down progression of the disease.  Which of the following medications would you prescribe at this time?

A 74-year-old male with a PMH significant for 50-pack-year cigarette use, presents for evaluation of worsening cough and one episode of hemoptysis.  Other than nicotine stains present on his left index and middle fingers, his physical examination is unremarkable.  CXR reveals a 4 cm. right lung mass.  Serum sodium is 125 mEq/L (↓), BUN 12 mg/dL, creatinine 1.1mg/dL. Serum osmolality is 260 mOsm/L (↓), and urine sodium is 50 mEq/L (↑).  The patient’s mucous membranes are moist, skin turgor is normal, and he does not demonstrate orthostatic change in BP.  He currently takes no prescription or OTC medications or supplements.  TSH level is normal.  Based on this information, which of the following conditions is the most likely etiology of this patient’s hyponatremia?

The nurse is taking care of a burn patient brought into the Emergency department with total BSA 30% of burns. The nurse notes that the patient’s skin is clammy and vital signs are BP 100/56, (MAP 71) Pulse 114, RR 22, and patient is slightly confused. Urine output is 30 mL per hour. The nurse recognizes the patient is in what stage of shock?