John needs to get at least 82% on the final to pass his English class. There are 46 questions (each with the same number of points), and he missed 8 of them. Then he passed the course.

Analyze the argument below.  “Everyone who shops here has a credit card. This person does not have a credit card. Therefore, this person does not shop here.” On your paper (which you will be submitting after this exam), draw a diagram to check the validity of this argument. Then, write either “valid” or “invalid.”  Enter the word “valid” or “invalid” below, but YOUR ANSWER AND WORK SHOULD BE ON YOUR PAPER.

A politician opposes a ban on the law eliminating plastic straws. Thus, he is against the use of plastic straws.

A catering service estimates that they need to serve 48 pounds of beef for a banquet with 120 guests. How much beef would they need for a banquet with 160 guests?  On your paper, show your work and answer. Write only your answer below, but YOUR ANSWER AND WORK SHOULD BE ON YOUR PAPER. 

A Nissan Altima costs $25,000 while a Ford Explorer costs $33,000. By what percent is the Altima cheaper than the Explorer? On your paper, show your work and answer. Write only your answer below, but YOUR ANSWER AND WORK SHOULD BE ON YOUR PAPER. 

The statement “Betty is both a mother and an aunt” is not true. Then, she must be

“Every dog has a tail. Buddy does not have a tail. Therefore, Buddy is not a dog.” This is a valid argument.

If p and q are both true, then the statement “p or q” is

A is the data set {30, 40, 50, 60, 70}.  Make up another data set, B, such that B has the same mean as A, has exactly five numbers as A does, and has a bigger standard deviation than A.  Write your answer in the box below. You do not have to show your work for this problem. 

In 2020, the U.S. announced that it will join the One Trillion Trees Initiative. If one tree can be planted every minute, approximately how many years would it take to plant 1 trillion trees? (Hint: One trillion is 1000 billion, and one billion is 1000 million.) Assume every year has 365 days.