P2025 – Maria ate 2 cups of brown rice topped with one cup of mixed vegetables. According to the Exchange List, approximately how many grams of carbohydrates did she consume?

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. The World Health Organization recommends 1500 to 2000 mg of calcium daily as supplementation, divided into three doses, for pregnant persons in populations with low dietary calcium intake in order to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. The complexity of the dosing scheme, however, has led to implementation barriers. We conducted two studies of calcium supplementation, in India and Tanzania, to assess the noninferiority of a 500-mg daily dose to a 1500-mg daily dose of calcium supplementation. In each, the two primary outcomes were preeclampsia and preterm birth. A total of 11,000 pregnant women were included in each study. The cumulative incidence of preeclampsia was 3.0% in the 500-mg group and 3.6% in the 1500-mg group in the India trial and 3.0% and 2.7%, respectively, in the Tanzania trial – findings consistent with the noninferiority of the lower dose in both trials. The percentage of live births that were preterm was 11.4% in the 500-mg group and 12.8% in the 1500-mg group in the India trial, which was within the noninferiority margin of 1.16; in the Tanzania trial, the respective percentages were 10.4% and 9.7%, which exceeded the noninferiority margin. In these two studies, low-dose calcium supplementation was noninferior to high-dose calcium supplementation with respect to the risk of preeclampsia. It was noninferior with respect to the risk of preterm live birth in the trial in India but not in the trial in Tanzania.

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. ________________________________________________________________ Dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) from cruciferous vegetables have shown potent anti-breast cancer activities in preclinical models, but their anticancer effects in vivo in breast cancer patients remain elusive.  Thirty postmenopausal breast cancer patients are randomly assigned to receive ITC-rich broccoli sprout extract (BSE) (200 µmol ITC per day) or a placebo for 2 weeks. Expression of biomarkers related to ITCs functions are measured in breast cancer tissue specimens at pre- and post-interventions using immunohistochemistry staining. First morning urine samples are collected at both timepoints for proteomic analysis. Overall, the study shows high compliance (100%) and low toxicity (no grade 4 adverse event). Trends of increase in cleaved caspase 3 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and trends of decrease in Ki-67 and nuclear to cytoplasm ratio of estrogen receptor (ER)-α are observed in the BSE arm only, consistent with the significantly altered signaling pathways identified in urinary proteomic analysis. Anticancer activities of ITCs are observed in breast cancer patients, supporting the potential beneficial roles of ITC-containing cruciferous vegetables in breast cancer prognosis.

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. d. how much did consuming SSB for 7 or more times per week increase cancer specific mortality? ________________________________________________________________ The evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear. We sought to examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women. Participants of the California Teachers Study (n = 100,314; median age = 53 years) free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline (1995-1996) were followed from 1995 to 2015. Baseline SSB intake was defined as caloric soft drinks (regular soft drinks, not diet soda), sweetened bottled waters or teas, and fruit drinks; and was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Mortality was ascertained via annual linkage with state- and nationwide mortality records and the National Death Index over 20 years. There were a total of 14,143 deaths over 20 years (30.5% from cardiovascular disease; 29.2% from cancer). In women who consumed ≥ 7 servings/week of SSBs at baseline (4% of participants), the multivariable-adjusted HRs were not significant for all-cause, cardiovascular disease-specific, or cancer-specific mortality. Consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of baseline caloric soft drink was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.46; P for trend = 0.02) and cancer-specific (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; P for trend = 0.08) mortality. In secondary analyses, consuming ≥ 1.5 c/day of baseline SSBs was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24; P for trend = 0.01). Although the baseline frequency of total SSB intake was not significantly associated with mortality, consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of caloric soft drinks was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Findings support public health efforts to reduce caloric soft drink consumption.

Roberto is working with a researcher who is interested in the potential connection between chromium and development of type II diabetes. Roberto has an idea for a study design that will help them to move forward with this project. Which of the following study designs do you think Roberto should pose to his supervisor. Why? How would Roberto set up the study? case-control animal study cross-sectional longitudinal

______ (also called in vivo) and ______ are both types of experimental research not conducted on humans. _______ _______

Which of the two studies below is qualitative and which is quantitative? Explain your answer using examples from each study. Study 1: Objective: To investigate associations of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF) with the overall diet quality of First Nations peoples. Design: An analysis of data from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, designed to contribute to knowledge gaps regarding the diet of First Nations peoples living on-reserve, south of the 60th parallel. A multistage sampling of communities was conducted. All foods from 24 h dietary recalls were categorized into NOVA categories and analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of UPF on diet quality. Setting: Western and Central Canada. Subjects: First Nations participants aged 19 years or older. Results: The sample consisted of 3700 participants. UPF contributed 53·9 % of energy. Compared with the non-UPF fraction of the diet, the UPF fraction had 3·5 times less vitamin A, 2·4 times less K, 2·2 times less protein, 2·3 times more free sugars and 1·8 times more Na. As the contribution of UPF to energy increased so did the overall intakes of energy, carbohydrate, free sugar, saturated fat, Na, Ca and vitamin C, and Na:K; while protein, fibre, K, Fe and vitamin A decreased. Diets of individuals who ate traditional First Nations food (e.g. wild plants and game animals) on the day of the recall were lower in UPF. Conclusions: UPF were prevalent in First Nations diets. Efforts to curb UPF consumption and increase intake of traditional First Nations foods and other fresh or minimally processed foods would improve diet quality and health in First Nations peoples. Study 2: Objective: To investigate the child nutrition concerns of Aboriginal families with young children attending Aboriginal health and early childhood services in Victoria; training needs of early childhood practitioners; and sources of nutrition and child health information and advice for Aboriginal families with young children. Method: Needs assessment involving consultation with Aboriginal parents of young children aged 0-8 years attending Aboriginal health and early childhood services, and early childhood practitioners from Aboriginal health and early childhood services in urban and regional Victoria. Focus groups were conducted with 35 Aboriginal parents and interviews conducted with 45 health and early childhood practitioners. Thematic analysis was used to generate and then refine distinct, internally consistent common themes from the data. Results: The most frequent issues identified were low levels of breastfeeding, inappropriate introduction of solids, reliance on bottles, sweet drinks, and energy-dense foods, poor oral health and overweight. Concerns about staff training and capacity, and access to maternal and child health services were also common. Conclusion and implication: This study identifies major gaps in service delivery for Aboriginal families with young children and points to the need for a coordinated, culturally responsive systems approach to providing support for breastfeeding and child nutrition advice and support for Aboriginal families, including capacity building for staff, and supportive systems and policy.

Using the information below, complete the citation in AMA style: January 2021 J Trace Elem Med Biol Pages 70-84 Volume 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.006 Issue 6 Nutritional Determinants of Macular Pigment  Herrera Juan, Lima Jean, Medeiros Alejandro, Figueiredo Hank, Andrade Raul, Ururahy Maria, Rezende Anton, Brandão-Neto Jorge, Almeida Miguel

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. ________________________________________________________________ Lutein, a carotenoid, exhibits various biological activities such as maintaining the health of the eye, skin, heart, and bone. Recently, we found that lutein has dual roles in suppressing bone resorption and promoting bone formation.  Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by coculturing primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells or culturing an osteoclast precursor cell line.  Osteoclast differentiation was significantly inhibited by lutein, astaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. In contrast, only lutein promoted osteoblastic calcified bone nodule formation. To elucidate the molecular role of lutein, we functionally analyzed the NF-κB complex, a molecule involved in bone metabolism, especially in osteoclasts. Docking simulations showed that lutein binds to IKK, thus inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. In a cell culture analysis, the phosphorylation of p65, the active form of NF-κB in osteoblasts, was suppressed by lutein treatment. In vivo, a μCT analysis of the bone microarchitecture showed that lutein improves several bone parameters while maintaining bone mass. Lutein is effective in maintaining bone mass by controlling both bone resorption and formation, which is applied to prevent disuse-induced osteoporosis.

a. Is the abstract below an example of a primary of secondary publication? If secondary, what type and how do you know? If primary, what is the research design? Explain why you identified that particular research design. b. Are there any significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) c. Are there any highly significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) ____________________________________________________________ Although artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners are widely used and generally recognized as safe by the US and European Union regulatory agencies, recent studies report that fasting plasma levels of erythritol, a commonly used sweetener, are associated with heightened incident cardiovascular disease risks. Effects of dietary erythritol on thrombosis phenotypes in humans have not been examined. We tested the impact of erythritol or glucose consumption on multiple indices of stimulus-dependent platelet responsiveness in healthy volunteers (n=10 per group). Participants ingested either 30 grams of erythritol or glucose in a beverage.  Dietary erythritol (30 g), but not glucose (30 g), lead to a >1000-fold increase in erythritol plasma concentration (P