You just got a blood report back from the hospital pathologist for your patient. They have elevated levels of liver-derived enzymes in their blood. This has nothing to do with liver damage. It has to do purely with increased gene expression of that enzyme.

Last up, a PSA (public service announcement)-based True or False question: Diseases of almost every organ system are affected by climate change, not just the respiratory system. Even pandemics like the most recent one have been linked to changes in viral and animal ecology in response to a pathologically changing climate. To this aim, the New England Journal of Medicine recently published an unprecedented editorial “call for emergency action” to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity and protect human health. In summary, the panel of expert authors stated that a rapidly warming climate is “the single greatest threat” to global public health, urging world leaders to cut heat trapping emissions, otherwise, “there will be catastrophic harm to human health that may be impossible to reverse”.

Which metabolic intermediate represents the branch point between anaerobic (fermentatory) and aerobic (respiratory) metabolic pathways?

Which is the correct body fluid compartment breakdown for our “standard” 70 kg man?

Drinking purified distilled water will cause cells in your body to______; whereas, drinking seawater will cause the cells in your body to_______; both are particularly dangerous with respect to brain cells and blood cells.

In your enzymology lab clinical case question, the primary type of diarrhea your lactose intolerant patient suffered from due to all the undigested lactose in the colon, combined with chronic bacterial metabolism of it, was:

An inner ear tumor has damaged a patient’s gelatinous otolithic membrane including its bounded calcium crystals called ear stones, AKA otoliths or otoconia. You expect them to have loss of which special sense?

The sodium-potassium ATPase electrogenic pump actively transports (3 or 2) sodium cations into the (ECF or ICF) then transports in (3 or 2) potassium cations into the (ECF or ICF). Hint – recall our membranes are polarized with a light negative charge buildup on the inner ICF side of the membrane and, in neurons and muscle cells, they must always return to this state via repolarization after they depolarize to fire an action potential, and they do so via this pump.

Normal intravenous (IV) saline used clinically, where isosmolality (i.e. at 300mOsm) and an isotonic effect are desired, includes what specifications?

Which scientific physical law states that energy in the universe is constant, meaning nothing is ever created and nothing is ever destroyed.