A 72-year-old patient has a severely calcified aortic valve that has become stiff, narrowed, and hard to open. The patient reports shortness of breath and fatigue during physical activity. Explain how the calcified aortic valve affects afterload, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Include in your answer: Define afterload and explain how high and low afterload individually affect stroke volume. (2 pts) Explain how the calcified and narrowed aortic valve affects afterload. (1 pt) Explain how stroke volume and cardiac output are affected in this situation. (1 pt)

An 88 year old female arrives to hospital complaining of tachypnea, dizziness, orthopnea, elevated temperature and yellow sputum. Lung auscultation revealed crackles. CXR revealed fluid in the RUL confirming pneumonia.  The MD has ordered a sputum C&S. Patient is to remain in the supine position as tolerated. Define in your own words the underlined words.

The voice box is also referred to as the _________________.

Each time a person swallows, the ___________________________ opens to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.

If I cough a ______________coming from my lungs and through my mouth it is called a ________________.

Crackles sound like small bubbles popping. They are also referred as___________________.

What is the Oxygen Saturation?

Each lung has lobes, how many lobes do lungs have in total? Which one has more lobes? A removal of a lobe would be called?

The Epiglottis closes every time we breath in and out.

Which of the following types of EM radiation has the lowest energy?