What is the most commonly used additional imaging technique to confirm lung cancer?

What minimum size does a lesion in the lung need to be in order to be called a nodule?

Oral polio vaccines are often used in low income countries.  Describe the advantages and disadvantages of oral polio vaccines.  Be sure to identify the type of vaccine that is used (i.e. is it an RNA, viral vector, whole virus, or protein subunit vaccine).

There is no approved antiviral for HPV.  But you inform your patient, if the first treatment (from Question 14) is unsuccessful, there is an HPV antiviral clinical trial they could join.  The drug targets the E2 protein.  What is the role of the E2 protein in viral replication?  Choose all that apply.

The remaining questions are NOT part of a larger question group.

Use this prompt to answer questions 10-19. You are a practicing gynecologist and recently diagnosed one of your patients with an Human Papillomavirus 16 infection (a high risk type of HPV).

Use this prompt to answer questions 1-9. Imagine you’ve traveled back in time to January 2020 when SARS-CoV-2 was just beginning to spread and before we had developed any vaccines.  Answer the following questions based on your current knowledge to help scientists and public health officials try to control the pandemic.

The differential expression of viral proteins in the host epithelium controls the virus’ progression through the infection cycle.  The diagram below outlines this progression.  For each of the viral proteins below, determine during which step(s) of the cycle (A, B and/or C) the protein is expressed. 12a L1 – [12a] L2 – [12b] E1 – [12c] E2 – [12d] E4 – [12e] E6 – [12f] E7 – [12g]  

After performing a blood agar plate and incubating it, you discover that no hemolysis has occurred. Which of the following organisms could it be?

 Streptococcus pneumoniae can undergo alpha hemolysis