____ conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors, and the behavior comes before the reinforcement or punishment. For example, a child’s behavior being modified by the consequences of their actions, such as receiving a reward or punishment. 

_____ conditioning focuses on involuntary responses to a stimulus, and the stimulus comes before the behavior. For example, a dog salivating in response to a bell ringing.

In which scenario would a lamb be demonstrating imprinting?

What is one potential benefit of polyandry for females in certain species? 

The freshwater pond, containing turtles and catfish, received full sunlight all day long.  This is an example of a(n)

Which of the following statements best reflects the “nature” side of the nature vs. nurture debate?

If you observe a bird living in a tree, which of the following describes its habitat?

Monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles each year from North America to specific regions in Mexico.  The migration usually consist of several generations beyond the ones that started it. This is an example of the _____ aspect of the “Nature vs Nurture” debate.

What is the primary characteristic of monogamous mating systems in animals?

A single-phase series R-L circuit has a resistance of 12 Ohms and inductive reactance of 6.0 Ohms. If it is connected to a source having an RMS voltage of 220 V, what would the power factor be? What will be the new power factor if the inductive reactance is increased to 12.0 Ohms?