In ___________, the Eighth Amendment’s probation against cruel and unusual punishment applies to the states as well as the federal government.

Some studies focusing on victims have identified ways in which the courts have ignored the interests of victims and witnesses.

The shift in thinking at the end of 19th century regarding children meant that parents:

Which of the following represents a clear disadvantage of localized control of justice?

About __________ percent of all juvenile delinquency cases are waived to criminal court.

Which term emphasizes fundamental fairness insofar as a person should always be given notice of any charges brought against him or her, that a person should be provided a real chance to present his or her side in a legal dispute, and that no law or government procedure should be arbitrary or capricious?

One study that analyzed California data found that what percentage of all African-American men in that state were likely to be arrested by age 30?

Some courts are “________,” meaning they employ a variety of technologies in one setting.

Which event following the Civil War produced fundamental changes in the structure of the American judiciary?

A justice of the peace court is an example of a trial court of general jurisdiction.