How does mechanotransduction affect gene expression in cells?

The following 2 questions are based on the figure below, which depicts a parallel plate viscometer Assume the following: there is no external pressure, there is an axis of symmetry passing through the center of the plates. Assume that the effects of gravity (body force) and temperature can be neglected. Assume the pressure gradient in z is negligible (because the fluid thickness is so small).

According to Murray’s law, the flow rate in each of the three blood vessels is the same

If the internal pressure, P, in a thick-walled artery is given as 16 kPa, what is the primary factor affecting circumferential stress?

The following questions are based on the following figure and equations.  

The following 3 questions are based on the data in the table below.  This data refers to endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) activity of a vein that is transplanted to a location subjected to arterial pressure.  h is vessel wall thickness, a is radius, σθθ is wall circumferential stress. Week EC activity SMC Activity h (mm) a (mm) σθθ 0 0.02 0.05 0.02 1.5 1200 1 8.10 10.30 0.025 1.5 960 2 2.90 1.70 0.05 2.0 640 4 1.50 0.80 0.075 2.5 533 12 0.02 0.20 0.1 3.0 480 24 0.10 0.20 0.125 2.5 320

To find the torque needed to turn the upper plate, one would use the following equation:

Why is the continuum assumption crucial for the derivation of equations in material mechanics?

What coordinate system is preferred for analyzing pressure in an artery in three dimensions?

Briefly describe how oubain treatment could impact glucose transport across the gut. In your answer, be sure to indicate what oubain targets and how that disruption impacts glucose transport.