Temperament is biologically based and there is no evidence that “nurture” (environmental) factors has any influence on behavioral patterns related to temperament.

If the results from this study indicate significant differences between the groups, can Dr. Furrie make cause and effect conclusions about his findings?

True/False: The efficacy of spinal epidural stimulation to improve function following SCI requires intense, task-specific physical therapy.

Kalima is a 26 y/o female (she/her) who was admitted to ICU where you work from the ER. She sustained a closed head injury yesterday when her dog accidentally tripped her as she was walking down outdoor concrete stairs. Your interdisciplinary team is going over her case, and nursing reports that Kalima’s vitals have been stable and she is engaging with staff appropriately.  They are wondering if it would be appropriate for PT to see her or if it’s too soon. Based on the research about early mobilization for people with TBI, which statement is most appropriate? 

You are working with Theo (they/them), who has had a stroke and is working on bed mobility, sitting, and standing activities with assistance. They have not yet progressed to walking. You want to perform an objective measure that best captures their current level of function. Which of the following measures would be the best choice? 

Ten-month-old Natalia says 3 words (dada, mama and hi), however it is most likely she understands many more words than she can produce.  

Rick’s Movement Analysis: Gait: Rick walks short distances with a forearm crutch, but struggles significantly to advance his left leg forward due to excess knee extension and ankle plantarflexion. He hikes and circumducts his left leg to help clear the floor, but is not effective and needs Mod A. Stance phase of gait: He has adequate stance stability in his left knee, but has excessive hip flexion and forward trunk collapse and relies heavily on the crutch.  His LUE remains a little flexed while he is walking, but he is developing control out of synergy. Sensation: Intact RUE/LE for light touch, sharp/dull, and proprioception. LUE: impaired light touch and sharp/dull: upper arm 8/10 stimuli correct, forearm 8/10 stimuli correct, hand 6/10 stimuli correct. Proprioception intact at shoulder and elbow, impaired at wrist. LLE: impaired light touch and sharp/dull: 7/10 stimuli correct throughout entire leg. Proprioception intact. Motor control: Movement combining synergies in the LUE (flexion pattern) and LLE (extension pattern) Spasticity: MAS 1 in left biceps, MAS 2 in left quadriceps, MAS 3 in left plantarflexors.   MMT: R UE/LE: 5/5 throughout.  LUE: shoulder flexion and abduction 4/5, biceps 4/5, triceps 2/5, wrist flex/ext 2+/5, weak grasp. LLE: hip flexors 2-/5, hip extensors and abductors 2/5, hamstrings 2+/5, quads 4/5, ankle DF 3/5, ankle PF influenced by spasticity – unable to get clear test. Cognition/Behavior: RLOCF VI. He can currently attend for 30-45 minutes at a time, depending on how well he slept the night before. What is one intervention you could do to address Rick’s spasticity or motor control? Describe which you are choosing to address and provide enough detail so that another therapist can replicate it. (2 points):

Anat says that she had a scan done of her head yesterday and that it was negative. She does not understand why she is still having problems. Explain the pathophysiology of a concussion to Anat, avoiding medical terminology/jargon. (1 point)

You have just completed your vestibular assessment with Juan (he/him), and have determined that he has an acute, unilateral vestibular hypofunction. You prescribe a set of gaze stabilization exercises for him to start doing at home. According to the newly updated clinical practice guideline on treating vestibular dysfunction (Hall et al. 2022), how should you advise Juan to dose his exercises?

History: Rick is a 38 y/o African American male who sustained a closed head injury 4 weeks ago as a result of falling off a ladder while working on home repairs. A neighbor saw him fall and immediately called the paramedics. Rick was unconscious when paramedics arrived 10 minutes later, and began to regain consciousness about an hour later. His initial GCS was 11 (3,4,4). MRI showed epidural hematoma with a slight midline shift. He now presents with left sided hemiparesis, impaired sensation, spasticity, and motor control deficits. He does not remember the day of the fall or the next two days. Social History: Rick lives with Joe, his partner of 10 years. Joe is a physician who works full time at a major hospital in Minneapolis. Rick owns a tax accounting business and works from home. Rick enjoys reading nonfiction, playing on his neighborhood softball team in the summer, and snowboarding in the winter. He and Joe have a standing dinner night on Tuesdays with a group of 6 other friends, rotating which home they go to each week.  Home Environment: Rick and Joe own a 2-level townhome that has 9 stairs to enter, with bilateral rails, and one flight of 12 steps inside with a left handrail. The master suite (bedroom/bathroom) are on the main level, but Rick’s home office is upstairs. Most of their friends’ homes have at least 2-3 stairs to enter with no handrails. PMH: Healthy with no comorbidities, remote h/o tobacco smoking (15-20 y/o). Alcohol consumption: average of 2 drinks per week with dinner. Medications: Keppra, Gabapentin, Colace, Tramadol PRN, Amantadine. PT Goals: “be myself again, get back to my life.” As you consider Rick’s prognosis, provide (3 points total – only the first three responses of each will be graded): a) 3 potential facilitators for Rick’s recovery b) 3 potential barriers to Rick’s recovery