Which criteria of adequacy favors a theory that psychics are doing “cold reading” over the theory that they are communicating with disembodied spirits?

What is the conclusion of the following argument? An experimental vaccine prevented women from becoming persistently infected with a [type of human papilloma virus called HPV-16] that is associated with half of all cervical cancers, researchers reported. … The study involved 2,392 women from 16 to 23 years in age. Participants were randomly assigned to receive three shots of either an HPV-16 vaccine or a placebo (a dummy substance). The study was double-blinded.  Participants were followed for an average of 17 months after getting the third shot. … [Forty-one] women developed HPV-16 infection—all of these women were in the placebo group. … By comparison, no one who got all three vaccine shots developed an HPV-16 infection.” [National Cancer Institute]

Which of the following are logically possible?

A strong causal argument with true premises is…

Which of the following is not a theory/explanation being proposed in the following?I get a lot of wrong-number calls at night for Shakey’s Pizza.  It might be that my number is similar to Shakey’s. Or maybe, some one person who really likes pizza has our numbers mixed up.  I guess it also could be that someone is trying to harass me by waking me up during the night. 

Why is the following misleading?92 Pt. Saint-Émilion Grand Cru 2016 Château l’ApollineWine critics continue to praise Bordeaux’s 2016 growing season, and Chateau l’Apolline exemplifies the vintage with a bottling of exceptional quality. This Merlot-dominant wine showcases fragrant notes of plum, blueberry, and earth balanced harmoniously with the addition of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon. For just $17.99, it’s easy to stock up on a delicious Old World red to enjoy anytime!$65.00Comparable Price$17.99 Our Price

Conspiracy theories are especially weak when it comes to what criteria of adequacy?

Which of the following is not a step in the TEST formula for evaluating theories?

What is the simplest explanation for the following state of affairs? José discovered this morning that the roof and hood of his car bore dozens of tiny dents.

What kind of argument is being employed when a scientist uses questionnaires to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between using a particular product (hair dye, e.g.) and some medical condition (e.g. cancer of some type)?