The Middle East suffers in part from the effects of persistent authoritarianism, lack of political participation, poor economic growth, foreign indebtedness to the West, competition for resources and increasing urbanization.

Front de Libération Nationale (The Liberation National Front, FLN) – The revolutionary body created in 1954 to gain independence and acted as the single party from independence in 1962 until 1989.  

Cities have always been important in the history of the Middle East and North Africa, frequently developing as nodes connecting the well-traveled routes of armies and traders e.g. Cairo and Istanbul and how they have developed over thousands of years. [Chapter 2: “The Middle East: A Geographic Preface” by Ian R. Manners in Schwedler’s edited book.]

The Party of Justice and Development (PJD) – One of the most Islamist parties in Morocco. It is moderate in its ideological orientation and has gradually managed to establish itself as a major political force within parliamentary politics. The party was originally founded by Abdelkrim al-Khatib but without much political weight until it was allowed by the Moroccan regime to be integrated by a group of Islamists known as shabiba al-islamia to become part of the Unity and Reform Movement which changed its name to the PJD in 1998. Allowing the PJD to exist in the political landscape is part of the Moroccan regime’s strategy to domesticate the Islamists. But given the nature of the political system in Morocco, the PJD does not actually have a hold on power which is concentrated in the hands of the monarch.

In which country did Kemalism (Mustafa Kemal) guide the process of state-building?

Algeria is located in the Khaleej sub-region.  It is only a few hundred miles from the southern Indian peninsula and it is the largest country in Africa. 

Please match the correct term with its definition – thank you.

Aridity and Water – Aridity is not a pervasive element in land and livelihood throughout the Middle East. And the degree of aridity does not vary greatly within the region.

Israel, Turkey and Iran are considered part of the Arab and Muslim World in addition to the Middle East.

Please pick all the correct answers that describe the Kingdom of Morocco’s history, politics, economics & civil society…