Reinforcement is to punishment as __________.

__________ is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material.

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of __________.

A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called __________.

According to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of a textbook, you are most likely to forget the information __________.

A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands’ analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating __________.

Memories for both general facts and personal information are called __________ memories.

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

Which famous memory researcher viewed memory as a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Astrid kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard, where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?