Hyperkalemia has what kind of acute affect on neurons? Hint: hypercalcemia has the opposite acute effect.

True or False? Both nicotinic cholinergic receptors found at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and at the synapses within autonomic ganglia are of the exact same N sub M isoform.

Unfortunately, when it comes to illicit drug overdose, toxidrome (toxic syndrome) clinical presentation is imperfect and complex synergistic symptoms from multiple co-ingested/co-injected/co-inhaled substances can overlap, clouding the clinical picture. In addition, sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs not only affect adrenergic and cholinergic diffuse modulatory systems but also dopaminergic and serotonergic diffuse modulatory systems as well as opioid receptors if opiates are on board. A good example of a challenging diagnostic case like this would be a patient that decided to mix the following opposing substances (hint: pick the 2 that have opposite effects on the body in terms of their mechanisms of action and/or drug category):

All of the following are always required for somatic efferent control and execution except:

The disease that is characterized by a genetic mutation in a key sarcomere anchoring protein is:

During the depolarizing phase of an action potential (i.e., moving away from a resting membrane potential difference of -70mV), sodium ion voltage-gated channels open and sodium will move down/with both its electrical and chemical gradient, while at the peak of an action potential (i.e., at the overshoot of +30mV), potassium ion voltage-gated channels, which initially only weakly open at depolarization, will now be strongly opened, and thus potassium will:

True or False? Due to life circumstances and thus bad luck, a peer of yours unfortunately found themselves procrastinating during this unit to the point where they had to cram last night and pull an all-nighter in order to last-minute prepare for this exam. You tell them that one reason this can be detrimental to their health and even lead to them not remembering what they had previously learned is: Metabolic waste and toxin clearance via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lymphatic circulation and drainage increases during sleep.

Electro-neurophysiology question part 4 of 4: Interestingly, it is indeed still possible to produce an action potential in neurons of a patient taking potassium channel blocker medications. In this case, the undershoot would be

EXTRA CREDIT Q2. (6 possible points) If you studied the “Focus on Homeostasis” extra credit slides that were posted, then for 3 points each, list both the overall contributions of the following organ systems we covered in this unit that apply to all body systems as well as their contributions that individually apply to each of the other 10 organ systems.  For the nervous system, list the following:  ·       Its general contributions to all body systems listed in detailed bullets (0.5 pts)  ·       Its specific contributions to the other 10 systems listed in detailed bullets (2.5 pts total)  For the muscular system, list the following:  ·       Its general contributions to all body systems listed in detailed bullets (0.5 pts)  ·       Its specific contributions to the other 10 systems listed in detailed bullets (2.5 pts total)

After a complete meal, blood glucose is usually high and thus more glucose enters pancreatic beta cells through GLUT transporter. As potassium cations remain in the cell this leads to membrane (depolarization OR hyperpolarization) which causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channel to (open OR close) which ultimately results in insulin-filled vesicles to (remain in the cell OR undergo exocytosis).