The convergence projection theory of referred pain states that nociceptors from several locations, for example, the sensory neurons leaving the kidneys and skin of the abdominopelvic area, converge on a single__________ causing the cerebral cortex to confuse kidney tissue damage with activation of the more common pathway in the skin.

What condition causes blurred vision due to the cornea and/or lens not being perfectly shaped?     

Endolymph is a unique fluid in the cochlear duct and parts of the vestibular apparatus that contains more __ ions (just give chemical symbol) than the typical extracellular fluid.  

Resting muscles store energy from ATP in the “high-energy” phosphate bonds of ________________(can be listed as one word or two). Hint: the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction which produces this energy source can do so reversibly.

*Large points here (7) so be complete* You knew this was coming, here we go: Per the summary map and navigator of chapter 12, provide a sequential step-by-step description of the following interrelated processes (for each write about 4-6 clear logical bullet-list sentences, so about 12-18 in total): a) Specific events at the synapse-like space called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) including events on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic side starting with an action potential arriving at the synaptic end bulb of a somatic motor neurons and ending at development of a muscle action potential (include the neurotransmitter involved, voltage-gated channel types, ligand-gated/receptor-channel types and action upon neurotransmitter binding, degradation enzyme, and endplate potential generation). 3 pts b) Specific events of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling leading to SR calcium release the contraction (crossbridge) cycle as explained by the sliding filament theory followed by the relaxation process (include all muscle fiber structures involved). 3 pts c) Describe, in the correct order of events, all the individual detailed specifics that lead to rigor mortis, AKA postmortem rigidity, and what ends the process (make sure to include all sites in the contractile cycle that are affected). 1 pts

_______________hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound waves that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration in the middle ear (and thus can’t reach the cochlea of the inner ear).  

Premature babies frequently need to be put on a respirator to help them breathe despite having smaller alveoli which via the law of Laplace should prevent lung collapse. This is called newborn or infantile respiratory distress syndrome and can result in progressive atelectasis. Why?

True or False You are doing a physical rehabilitation rotation and your director asks you what the difference is between isometric and isotonic (eccentric and concentric) contractions. You reply that concentric contractions involve muscle shortening whereas eccentric contractions involve muscle lengthening. Would this be correct?

In type ________(give number) diabetes mellitus, the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed largely through autoimmune reactions and thus the patient usually requires insulin injections from the beginning of the disease.

Pick only the one you know best (or none will be graded) AND please start your answer with the question number chosen OPTION A. Describe in about 12-15 clear logical bullet-list sentences how we see via phototransduction (the visual cycle) starting with a photon hitting a rod in the retina, and ending at the back of the brain, i.e., explain what happens going from dark to light. For full credit, need the complete mechanistic step-by-step details including photoreceptor cell components, receptors/receptor types, second messengers and their amplifier & degradative enzymes, channels/ions, and NTs, as well as the relevant associated sensory neurons, CNs and cerebral cortical regions involved. Only need to include relevant anatomic structures essential to describe function.  OR OPTION B. You are on an emergency room (ER) rotation at a local emergency department (ED) when the emergency medical service (EMS) workers bring in a patient whom has lost consciousness. You eventually determine radiologically that they had suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker (usually due to high cerebral blood pressure), and can ultimately burst, negatively impacting the brain areas it normally supplies in a controlled manner. Sometimes unfortunately permanent neurological damage results. Bi. If your patient wakes up and they seem to have all of their normal functions and cognitive abilities intact based on your assessment, except they are blind (anopia), then based on that list out the following: What one lobe of the dorsal part of the brain was most likely damaged? 0.5 pts. What one CN nucleus was most likely damaged (need name + number)? 0.5 pts. Bii. If instead of blindness they could see normally but voluntary control of eye movement via extraocular or extrinsic eye (skeletal) muscles was abnormal, then based on that list out the following: What 2 regions of the brainstem and 1 region of the cerebral cortex were most likely damaged? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each). Accordingly, what 3 CN nuclei were most likely damaged (need names and numbers) with respect to the above brainstem damage? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each).