The nurse is assessing a client with renal failure for signs of uremic encephalopathy. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to observe? 

A patient with stage 5 chronic kidney disease is undergoing hemodialysis and reports using a salt substitute at home. Which complication is the nurse most concerned about?

A 45‑year‑old client is diagnosed with cholelithiasis. The nurse reviews risk factors that contribute to gallstone formation. Which of the following factors are most strongly associated with the development of gallstones? Select all that apply. 

While on tour, a 32-year-old male musician has presented to the emergency department after a concert complaining of severe and sudden abdominal pain. He admits to a history of heavy alcohol use in recent years, and his vital signs include temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F), blood pressure 89/48, and heart rate 116 beats per minute. Blood work indicates that his serum levels of C-reactive protein, amylase, and lipase are all elevated. Which diagnosis would the care team suspect first? 

A nurse is assessing a client with progressing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Which assessment finding would the nurse most expect? 

An obese male with a history of diabetes and hypertension asks the nurse to explain his laboratory results, which show a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 51 mL/min and elevated serum creatinine levels. Which statement by the nurse is most appropriate to address the client’s question? 

Match the following impaired liver functions to the clinical consequences.  

For several years, a single mother of 2 has been averaging 2 to 3 bottles of wine each night and recently has added several ounces of brandy as well. She now has been diagnosed with cirrhosis. Which physical manifestations of cirrhosis would the nurse expect to find during assessment? Select all that apply. 

A 29‑year‑old pregnant female presents to the emergency department with fever (102.4°F/39.1°C), chills, nausea, and right‑sided flank pain. She reports burning with urination, urinary frequency, and states she was treated for a bladder infection one week ago. On assessment, the nurse notes costovertebral angle tenderness on the right side after palpation (touching). Which diagnosis does the nurse most strongly suspect? 

During assessment, the nurse observes confusion, altered level of consciousness, and hand‑flapping tremors (asterixis) in a client with liver disease. These findings are most consistent with an elevation in which laboratory value?