Section A You only need to answer one of the two questions from this section. One answer box will be beneath this box – please indicate which question you are answering:   Question 1 A 65-year-old male patient is admitted to the hospital with confusion and fatigue. He has a history of small cell lung cancer. The following laboratory results are obtained: Interpret these electrolyte and osmolality results to provide a likely diagnosis and explain the biochemical mechanisms involved (40%). Describe the methods used to collect this data (40%) And discuss potential pre-analytical and analytical factors that could impact accuracy of the results (20%). Question 2 Explain the clinical testing methods used to measure and evaluate kidney function, including details of the strengths and limitations of each test (60%). Explain the pathophysiology of ONE common renal disease and highlight the clinical consequences of this disease (40%).      

A 28-year-old woman presents with a 2-week history of blurred vision in her right eye associated with pain on eye movement. She also reports intermittent numbness in her left arm that resolved last month. On exam, you note decreased visual acuity in the right eye and an afferent pupillary defect. Which diagnosis is most consistent with this presentation?

A patient demonstrates sustained ankle clonus. Which DTR grade best corresponds to this finding?

List three expected and three abnormal findings you would document on a complete neurologic examination.

A patient has been brought to the emergency room and diagnosed with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which of the following assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit? Select all that apply. 

A patient has been diagnosed with DKA, with a blood glucose of 850mg/dL. Which one of the following orders would be most important to administer first for this patient? 

The nurse assesses a 73-year-old patient with peripheral vascular disease characteristics by arterial insufficiency. The nurse would expect to find which finding?

A transdermal nitroglycerin patch is initiated for an adult patient with chronic stable angina. Which outcome best indicates that the medication is effective?

The nurse is explaining the purpose of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter to a client with a history of recurrent deep vein thrombosis who is scheduled for placement of the device. Which explanation by the nurse is most accurate?

A patient returns from a cardiac catheterization. Which of the following actions is most important following the procedure?