For the following, use your knowledge of the protein-ligand interaction and the renal threshold/transport maximum: Why is there glucose in the urine (glucosuria, AKA glycosuria) of untreated diabetes mellitus patients with respect to what we know about the renal handling of glucose?  

A high school biology teacher comes to you with high blood pressure. Tests show that she also has increased levels of renin in her blood and atherosclerotic plaques that have nearly blocked/occluded blood flow through her renal arteries. She does not understand. It would be clinically accurate to explain to her that the (decreased or increased?) blood flow in her renal arteries could have caused an excessive increase in renin secretion via activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway, and that the resulting chronically (decreased or increased?) blood pressure has likely led to the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, given it is such a great risk factor.

True or False? The buffy coat of the “cellular” component, AKA formed elements, of whole blood includes just the thrombocytes and leukocytes (hint: collectively make up less than 1%).

You go to do a standard median cubital (MC) venipuncture blood draw and accidentally stabbed the patient’s high pressure radial artery, and now blood is leaking out of the resultant arterial hole rapidly and blood volume is dropping. The patient is now hypotensive. The baroreceptor-mediated reflexive response here will include: 

A dislodged blood clot that traveled in circulation and obstructed a vessel is a clinical condition called a thromboembolism.

True or False? Histotoxic hypoxia is typically caused by heart failure or shock or thromboembolism; whereas ischemic hypoxia is typically caused by cyanide and other metabolic poisons.

You are on an emergency medicine (EM) rotation rotation and you have an elderly patient that has come to you because they raised the temperature in their hot tub as high as it will go and, after a few minutes in the very warm water, felt faint, past out, and nearly drowned (note that while the elderly tend to migrate to warmer climates, they are constantly at risk of overheating; however, this hot tub fainting effect can happen in younger people as well). What happened here with respect to vasodilation, venous return and cardiac output which led to them having to visit the emergency room (ER)/emergency department (ED)?  

For the following, use your knowledge of the transepithelial transport of glucose: What processes help reabsorb glucose from the kidney tubule (and intestinal lumen) back into the blood?

True or False? Our respiratory mucociliary escalators fail if a saline-rich layer of water develops between the ciliated cells of the mucosa (mucous membrane) and the actual mucous.

True or False? Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a clinical lab measurement of a patient’s average red blood cell volume.