Over the past few decades, forest cover in temperate latitudes has generally ____________, while cover of tropical latitude forests has _____________ .

Brown Marmorated stink bugs lay eggs in clusters and have a mean clutch size of 28 eggs. While walking through a soybean field you observe a clutch size of 20 eggs for a single Brown Marmorated stink bug. You want to know if this is significantly different from what you would expect assuming the null hypothesis. What is the null and alternative hypothesis for this scenario?

Question Set 2 SA12: Describe the purpose of adding a ‘tag’ to a protein. Give a specific example of a protein tag and state the function that is added to the protein with the addition of this tag. SA13: Describe what is meant by ‘codon usage bias’ and identify one experimental approach that can be used to overcome this. SA14: Identify two protein modifications that take place in a mammalian expression system that would be absent in a prokaryotic expression system. SA15: Identify two experimental approaches that can be used to generate a protein with new or altered activity. SA16: Describe the difference between the focus of genomics versus metagenomics. SA17: Define bioremediation. Describe how biostimulation differs from bioremediation. SA18: List one method of introducing DNA into plants. Give one benefit to using this approach over traditional plant breeding methods. SA19: Identify 2 common motivations behind generating transgenic plants and give a specific example for one of these. SA20: Provide a definition for one of the terms selecting from: chimera and transgene. SA21: With regards to the introduction of a transgene into a target organism (plant or animal), describe what is meant by ‘positional effect’ and give one specific example. SA22: State how a totipotent stem cell differs from a pluripotent stem cell. SA23: Provide one explanation as to why Dolly is not a ‘complete’ clone of the sheep that provided the donor nucleus as part of the somatic nuclear transfer process.

Below is a statistical table for the plant growth scenario described in the above question (Question 107). Assume there were 10 plants in each of the three soil groups (N=30 total plants). Statistical Table Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Squares (MS) F-statistic p-value Between Groups 500 2 250 19.29

Use the histogram and Q-Q Plot below to detect deviations from normality.

Questions 68 to 75 come from material covered in BIO8043 (Ecology & the Environment)

In mathematical models of ecological processes, what do equilibrium points tell us?

A researcher wants to determine if the average growth of a specific plant species is affected by different types of soil. They set up an experiment with three groups: Group 1: Plants are grown in sandy soil. Group 2: Plants are grown in clay soil. Group 3: Plants are grown in loamy soil. After six weeks, the researcher measures the height of each plant in centimeters. The goal is to figure out if there is a statistically significant difference in the average plant height among the three soil types. What statistical test would you run to analyze this data?

Question Set 1 SA1: Comparing DNA with RNA, identify 1 similarity and 3 differences. SA2: Write out the first 10 ribonucleotides of the RNA transcript generated from the DNA sequence below if the bottom strand was the ‘template strand’ and +1 indicates the transcriptional start site. SA3: Single-stranded DNA is often used as a ‘probe’ for the detection of complementary sequences in Northern, Southern, or FISH-based methodologies. Identify one approach that could be used to ‘label’ this probe and briefly describe the approach that would be used to detect/monitor this ‘label’. SA4: Provide a definition for a plasmid. Identify 2 DNA elements commonly found on a plasmid and list the function for one of these elements. SA5: Identify 2 enzymes that are required for DNA replication in vivo but are not used in PCR-based DNA synthesis in vitro. For each, list their role in the in vivo DNA replication process. SA6: Briefly describe the enzymatic function of Dicer and Argonaut/RISC, two proteins in the RNAi pathway. SA7: Provide a definition for 2 terms selecting from: epitope, paratope, and antibody. SA8: Identify the type of information that can be learned by immunocytochemistry that cannot be determined by an ELISA. SA9: Given that only 25% of the mammalian genome includes coding sequence (introns and exons), describe what comprises the remaining 75% of the genome making sure to give one specific example. SA10: Identify two types of information that can be obtained through a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. SA11: Explain the roles for sodium dodecyl sulfate, reducing agents, and heat in protein sample preparation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The table below describes a survey of people’s favorite flavors of ice cream. Assume there is no preference for the flavor of ice cream under a null hypothesis. Thus, the probability of choosing any one flavor is 0.333 for chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry respectively.  Survey of favorite ice cream flavors Ice Cream Flavor Observed (Frequency of People Surveyed) Chocolate 37 Vanilla 23 Strawberry 14 Total 74 Using the information above, calculate the X2 value.