A student is allowed to have their pet in the room with them during their testing as long as the pet does not interfer with the assessment.

If we cannot randomize, we can [answer1] participants on potentially [answer2] variables. This is process allows us to [answer3] for possible competing causes.

Mammograms for early detection of breast cancer and surgical intervention if necessary, is an example of which form of prevention?

Physical therapy for stroke victims, is an example of which form of prevention?

Scenario 3: In 2010, there were 2,515,458 deaths in the United States, from all causes. The following is the distribution of deaths from specific causes amongst the 10 leading causes of death:   Heart disease: 596,577 Cancer: 576,691 Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 142,943 Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 128,932 Accidents (unintentional injuries): 126,438 Alzheimer’s disease: 84,974 Diabetes: 73,831 Influenza and Pneumonia: 53,826 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 45,591 Intentional self-harm (suicide): 39,518

Dr. Rodriguez was assessing the net sensitivity and specificity of two versions of his now famous R test for disease D. Disease D has a prevalence of 16% in the population. Test R1 has a sensitivity and specificity of .82 and .87, respectively. Test R2 has a sensitivity and specificity of .83 and .91, respectively. Given this information, what is the net sensitivity [answer1] and the net specificity [answer2] of the combined tests? Note, use the addition and multiplication rules to complete this problem, and assume simultaneous testing.

A researcher is testing a new drug developed to treat diabetes. Participants are randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Unfortunately, due to some severe side effects, a group of participants asks and are granted permission to be moved to the control conditions.  This results in a Type I error as the drug appears to be more effective than it really is; the only participants taking the drug are the ones benefitting the most.  To avoid a possible Type I error, the researchers could use which of the following designs:

Based on scenario 3, what is the PMR for Influenza and Pneumonia?

Scenario 1: Two lab techs (Rigby and Mordecai) working for Dr. Rodriguez are assessing the interobserver reliability of the new R-test for disease D. They each screened test results from the same 426 participants. Rigby identified 36 positives. Mordecai identified 44 positives. They agreed on 26 positives.

Scenario 2 (Extra Credit): An experimental Prostate Specific Exam (PSE) for prostate cancer has a false positive rate of 25%. The prevalence of prostate cancer is 42%. In a sample of 10,000 men, there were 5,500 positive test results.