__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Wyatt is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Wyatt’s avoidance of spiders is being __________.

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________.

Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punishment is a consequence that __________ a behavior.

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of __________.

Sung-Mi is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the __________ effect.

Who is MOST closely associated with the law of effect?

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, __________.

Jamaal is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?