Answer one question from your chosen Depth Study. DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

  Source A The Führer believed that almost certainly Britain, and probably France as well, had already tacitly written off the Czechs and were reconciled to the fact that this question would be cleared up in due course by Germany. Difficulties connected with the Empire, and the prospect of involvement in a long European war, were decisive considerations for Britain against participation in a war against Germany. Britain’s attitude would certainly not be without influence on that of France. An attack by France without British support, and with the prospect of the offensive being brought to a standstill on our western fortifications, was hardly probable. The annexation of Czechoslovakia offers us a substantial advantage because it would mean shorter and better frontiers, the freeing of forces for other purposes, and the possibility of creating new armed units. From the Hossbach Memorandum, reporting Hitler’s speech at a secret meeting in November 1937. Hossbach attended the meeting and wrote this report from memory five days later

Source B If we were to accept without protest such an explicit violation of the Munich Agreement, it might lead to a doubt as to the good faith of Britain and France. Its whole justification was, by liberating the Sudetenland, to safeguard the independence and integrity of the rest of Czechoslovakia. The enforced submission of the Prague government, brutally imposed by German pressure, cannot be used to excuse Great Britain and France from their moral obligation in the eyes of their own people and of those of other states, as well as of the Czechoslovak nation. Please make sure that the British government agrees that the British and French representatives should immediately take concerted action in Berlin. From a letter from the French Minister for Foreign Affairs to the French Ambassador in London, 16 March 1939.

Source C Last autumn, I felt, by mutual goodwill, it should be possible to resolve all differences by discussion and without armed conflict. Herr Hitler himself said: ‘I have assured Mr. Chamberlain I shall not be interested in the Czech state anymore, and I can guarantee it. We don’t want any Czechs anymore.’ In the Munich Agreement, which bears Herr Hitler’s signature, there is this clause: ‘The final determination of the frontiers will be carried out by the international commission.’ We are told that this seizure of territory has been necessitated by disturbances in Czechoslovakia. Germany, under its present regime, has sprung a series of unpleasant surprises upon the world. The Rhineland, the Anschluss, the severance of Sudetenland – all these shocked and affronted public opinion throughout the world. Yet, however, much we might take exception to the methods in each of those cases, there was something to be said, whether on account of race or of fair claims too long resisted, for the necessity of a change in the existing situation. But the events which have taken place this week in complete disregard of the principles laid down by the German government itself seem to fall into a different category. Is this, in fact, a step in the direction of an attempt to dominate the world by force? From a public speech by Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, 17 March 1939

Source D The events of 14‒15 March confirmed the correctness of the policies Chamberlain and Daladier had followed in the Czech question, which explains the total lack of reaction in the western democracies to the collapse of the former Czechoslovakia. Naturally the professional warmongers in the hostile German-hating lying press are stuttering out a few emotional insults against Germany, but none of them is of any political significance. Nothing can change the facts, and it is evidence of the growing realisation of this in the western democracies that no significant figure is raising any objection. The justice of Germany’s position is too clear to be disputed. From ‘Great Days’, an article in the official Nazi newspaper by Goebbels, 18 March 1939.

(a) Read Sources A and C. Compare and contrast Sources A and C as evidence about Hitler’s attitude to Czechoslovakia. (15)

3)  The USA resisted communism in various parts of the world. (a) Describe how the fighting in Korea came to an end in 1953. (4) (b) Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved peacefully? (6) (c) Was it events in Vietnam or events in the USA that forced America to withdraw from Vietnam? Explain your answer. (10)

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