A 24-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of leukocytosis, pyuria, fever, and flank pain. Sonographically, hydronephrosis is noted within the left kidney. Within the dilated collecting system, there is evidence of dependent, layering, low-level echoes. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these sonographic findings? 

A 1-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of epigastric pain for an abdominal sonogram. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder appear normal. However, within the right renal fossa, several, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes is noted. The left kidney appears enlarged, but otherwise sonographically normal. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis? 

When scanning a large habitus patient, a possible renal cyst is identified. which of the following is not a characteristic of a simple renal cyst?  

 A 65 years old male patient with a history of autoimmune disorder. The image is most consistent with which of the following diagnosis?

Which of the following lab values would you expect to be elevated in the patient above?  

A 75-year-old male patient was scanned to rule out renal failure. The abnormality is most probably?  

A 24-year-old female came to the hospital with diffuse abdominal pain. The kidneys were also evaluated during the ultrasound examination. What diagnosis do you suspect?    

Which of the following is considered to be the most common renal mass? 

A 55-year-old diabetic male patient with long history of kidney complications. Most probably the abnormality is:  

Which type of kidney infection is considered a critical finding?