71. Two parents, both with sickle cell trait (HbAS), are expecting a child. What are the probabilities that their child will have: (a) normal HbAA, (b) sickle cell trait HbAS, or (c) sickle cell anemia HbSS?

    Identify  structures 1,2 ,3 , 4 and 5 respectively.    

Section 11: Pulmonary Embolism 51. A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot travels to and obstructs the pulmonary arterial circulation. Why is PE dangerous from a gas exchange perspective?

15. Which of the following is NOT listed as a trigger for asthma?

64. A 22-year-old Black male is started on primaquine for malaria prophylaxis. Three days later he develops back pain, dark urine, and a falling hematocrit. His blood smear shows ‘bite cells’. Which disorder does this presentation most likely reveal?

67. All blood cells originate from a single type of precursor cell in the bone marrow. What is this precursor called?

7. True or False: A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, destroying the negative pressure (vacuum) that normally holds the lung open, causing the lung to collapse.

45. Ascites in cirrhosis results from which combination of factors?

30. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes ‘walking pneumonia.’ Which features distinguish it from typical (bacterial) pneumonia?

51. Gallstones are most commonly composed of which substance, and what diagnostic test most easily confirms their presence?