What is an expected serum biochemical abnormality in dogs with typical Addison’s disease?

Explain 2 ways of how this pathology might affects vocal fold movement during phonation. 

A patient experiences difficulty abducting the vocal folds during inspiration following thyroid surgery. Damage to which intrinsic laryngeal muscle would most directly explain this finding?

Which layer of the lamina propria is commonly referred to as Reinke’s space?

Regular insulin is routinely used for at-home treatment of diabetes mellitus.

A patient presents with bilateral vocal fold bowing secondary to age-related vocal fold atrophy. Which combination of physiological and perceptual findings would be most expected?

Identify one aerodynamic measure you could include in this evaluation and explain why it might be a useful measure.

Identify one vocal fold pathology consistent with these findings.

Which change would be most likely to reduce or disrupt the mucosal wave during phonation?

Which clinical sign of diabetes mellitus is expected in cats but not dogs?