Unlike ordinary addition, there is not an additive inverse to each integer in modular arithmetic. 


Administrative and political distances, such as the presence or absence of colonial ties, are part of the cost-responsiveness framework.

[10 points] What is a prime number?

An active attack attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation.

As firms grow in size and complexity, they have a tendency and an incentive to focus on________, which can lead to inertia and even failure.

Monoalphabetic ciphers are easy to break because they reflect the frequency data of the original alphabet.

A __________ is a hardware and/or software capability that limits access between a network and device attached to the network, in accordance with a specific security policy.

__________ involves the passive capture of a data unit and its subsequent retransmission to produce an unauthorized effect.

Evaluate the following expressions [5 points] ((-140)*34) mod 12. [5 points] -85 mod -17 [5 points] gcd(3*n+1, 2*n+1) [5 points] (8754578508390739*7520981034536455976) mod 20

[10 points] List the five types of cryptanalytic attacks based on what is known to the attacker.