For the following item, indicate whether a research question, a null hypothesis, directional hypothesis or non-directional hypothesis is being tested: Cognitive therapy more effectively reduces depression in men than psychodynamic psychotherapy.

In social work studies testing hypotheses involving the variable “level of social functioning,” that variable is:

According to Bryce (1888), opinion itself is synonymous with the methods used to assess it.

An individual acts in a crowd the same way that they would act as an isolated individual, according to LeBon.

Identify the level of measurement of the following variable: The Beck Depression Inventory total score (scale ranges from 0 to 25)

According to Kelman (1961), internalization can be said to occur when individuals accept influence because the induced behavior is congruent with their value system.

In the Gaudin and Davis (1985) article, “Social Networks of Black and While Rural Families: A Research Report,” the authors both conceptually and operationally defined “heterogeneity in network composition.” Identify whether the following is the operational definition or the conceptual definition. “Heterogeneity of the network refers to the range of social statuses represented in the members of the subject family’s network.”

For the following item, indicate whether a research question, a null hypothesis, directional hypothesis or non-directional hypothesis is being tested: What effects do alcohol education programs have on teenagers’ attitudes toward drinking and frequency of drinking?

True or False: If a measure is not valid, it cannot be reliable.

According to Davison (1983), media bias is frequently perceived in situations where it is clearly absent or where it is present to a very limited extent.