A plant is eaten by an herbivore. After being eaten, the plant produces a toxic chemical in the remaining leaves and in new leaves that it produces. The toxic chemical deters the herbivore from eating the plant. This is an example of ______.

Below is a simple aquatic food web. F and G are primary producers. If a predator of species A were introduced, this would cause species C to [a]. Introducing a predator of species A would be expected to [b] the NPP of this system.

A species of crab feeds on a species of snail by smashing their shells. Thin and thick shelled snails provide equal nutritional value, but the thick shelled snails are harder to break open and take significantly longer for the crab to eat.  Currently, there are large numbers of shells of all thicknesses. Based on optimal foraging theory, we would expect that crabs will _______.

diameter seeds eaten when occurring alone diameter of seeds eaten when with other species species A 6mm – 15mm 11mm – 15mm species B 2mm – 10mm 2mm – 10mm What is true of the species fundamental and realized niches? Species A’s fundamental niche is [a] its realized niche. Species B’s fundamental niche is [b] its realized niche.

In an experiment that tests the effect of soil nutrient availability and light on plant growth, which of the following would be the most appropriate control group?

There are several greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important because it has increased dramatically since the start of the industrial revolution. How does carbon dioxide contribute to climate change?

Under the theory of island biogeography, what increases the biodiversity of an island? Choose both correct answers.

A student has a diagram of the carbon cycle, and wants to add the movement of energy to the diagram. Their additions are shown below. What mistakes are present in the diagram that need to be fixed?

A species of small mammal has a choice in areas where it searches for food. Under optimal foraging theory, where should the mammal spend the most time foraging?

When would an individual be most likely to give alarm calls to warn others?