Question 4.The following scenario relates to one of the food items that were under investigation following a suspected food poisoning outbreak that had occurred following for a birthday celebration by 250 patrons at a local restaurant. About 150 of these individuals were reported to have experienced severe stomach cramps, a few hours after consuming the food, and of these 80% had listed beef stew as one of the food items they had consumed. Only 15% of those that did not fall ill, had consumed the beef stew.  4.1 State with a reason, the appropriate study design (3) 4.2 Calculate the  appropriate measure of association  (8)  4.3 Interpret the results  (2)

3.6 In  foodborne outbreak investigations,  controls can be selected from hospitalized individuals   provided they  live in the same community as the cases

3.7 Informed consent can be sought  at any stage  in a  clinical trial

8. In an efficacy study, a clinical study was conducted on a new drug that was believed to lower blood pressure levels among participants with uncontrolled high blood pressure (HBP) in one of the villages in the Eastern Cape. Local health care workers (HCWs), were hired to recruit potential participants who were offered incentives in the form of food parcels and amounts of R1, 000. Upon sponsor initiated audit, it was found that an informed consent (IC) had been sought from the participants, with risks and benefits clearly stated, however, the IC form was written in English. There was no documentation of the drug approval by the Drug Regulating Authority. Preliminary data analysis also revealed that nearly two-thirds of the participants were over the age of 60 years and had a primary level of education. Furthermore, the Induna of the village had been awarded an amount of R5, 000 for approval.   Please explain how the following ethical principles were not upheld. Where possible provide two points for each ethical principle. 8.1 Informed consent (2) 8.2.  Autonomy (2) 8.3. Anonymity and confidentiality (2) 8.4. Non-maleficence (2)

3.1  In randomized controlled trials, the differences in the outcome between the study groups can be attributed to the intervention

1.8 Choose one step which is NOT characteristic of a case control study

1.4 Which of the following factors will NOT increase the prevalence of a disease in a specified area?

1.6 Choose one statement which is characteristic of Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)  

1.1 Which of the following measures of mortality is a good indicator of the overall health status of a population

3.8 Selection of controls is one of the issues in cohort studies