One of the first authoritative histories of the French Revolution was written by [BLANK-1], a Marxist historian who argued that the French Revolution was the definitive model of all bourgeois revolutions. Modern historians generally regard his interpretation as incorrect and embrace revisionist interpretations, rather than Marxist interpretations, of the French Revolution.

Later revealed to have been the great-grandson of Altan Khan, [BLANK-1] played a significantly role in converting the many Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism and in easing the relations between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty in China. Buddhism’s emphasis on non-violence helped to pacify the Mongol military threat to China.

During the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the French army that had been called in to keep the peace joined the rioting citizens and laid siege to the prison-fortress. At that point, the army became the people’s army known as [BLANK-1]. The following day, the Marquis de Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolution) was given command of the body.

[BLANK-1] were female sex slaves common among the wealthy. Sultans maintained a practice of having a harem of these women with whom they fathered children as heirs to the throne rather than marrying. One notable counterexample to this was Suleiman the Magnificent, who married Hürrem, a woman who had previously been his sex slave.

First established by Oliver Cromwell in England in 1651, then extended later in the century, [BLANK-1] served as a form of economic warfare against the Netherlands. These policies damaged Dutch shipping and by the end of the century helped England surpass the Netherlands as Europe’s greatest naval force in terms of shipping, commerce, trade, and settlement. They required most goods imported to England and Scotland to be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the imported items.

Potential administrators competed at the prefectural, provincial, and capital levels through [BLANK-1]. Candidates had to study the Confucian classics and the Neo-Confucian interpretations of Zhu Xi. Quotas from each region were established and the process was exceedingly competitive, but produced excellent administrators.

During the Ashikaga Shogunate, particularly in Kyoto, a distinct and elegant style developed called [BLANK-1]. Influenced by Zen Buddhism, this style praised imperfections, austerity, and simplicity. Examples include the austere Silver Pavillion built by Shogun Yoshimasa and the development of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, which celebrated the imperfections of misshapen cups and pots.

The position of [BLANK-1], or king, was exalted in Benin society and brought stability to the state in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Several factions of British society criticized the new conditions created by industrial labor. Among the first to voice their opposition were the Romantic poets. One British poet, [BLANK-1], called factories “satanic mills” and protested against the hard life of the London poor.

In 1703, a Hungarian prince named [BLANK-1] led a serious rebellion against the Habsburg-dominated empire in Austria and the German-speaking provinces. While the rebellion was eventually quelled, the conflict allowed Hungary to receive a number of important concessions from the Habsburgs in exchange for the country’s acceptance of Habsburg rule.