Mad cow disease results from a proteinaceous infectious particle, or a misfolded prion protein. The infectious prion catalyzes the misfolding of normal prions of our central nervous system into infectious forms, which then catalyze the misfolding of yet more normal prions. In this manner, prions spread in the brain until host death. Considering a classic definition of life (e.g., as provided by our textbook), are prions alive? Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids form a peptide bond via a ______ reaction. Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

A patient with tuberculosis (causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is treated with antibiotics. Feeling better, the patient doesn’t finish the course of antibiotics, and the infection worsens. This time, the infection is not controlled by the same antibiotic, and M. tuberculosis are found to be resistant to that antibiotic. Why is this? Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

Consider your friend who has two children, and compare that person to the superhero Spiderman (superhuman abilities resulting from the bite of a radioactive spider, including superhuman strength, speed, agility, balance, and Spider-sense) who has no children. Who has the greater evolutionary fitness? Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

All 20 amino acids have the same structure except for their ______. Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

R-group interactions in proteins include hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, covalent disulfide bonds, and ionic bonds. Collectively, these interactions yield what structure of proteins? Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

A hydrogen atom shares electrons equally to form a [bond1] covalent bond with another hydrogen atom to form hydrogen gas, whereas an oxygen atom, because it is so electronegative, forms [bond2] covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms to form water. Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

In December 2020, a more transmissible variant of SARS-CoV-2 began dominating the coronavirus population in the U.K. This new variant, called B.1.1.7 or Alpha, was detected in September of 2020, taking just four months to become the dominant strain in the U.K. How does B.1.1.7 (Alpha) compare to the original strain in terms of fitness? Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

Below are two common misconceptions about evolution by natural selection. Choose one of these two misconception and (1) explain why it is incorrect and (2) explain the correct evolutionary concept. Two common misconceptions (incorrect views) about evolution by natural selection: Evolution by natural selection is random, and random processes could not lead to structures as incredibly complex as those we see in living organisms Species alive today descended from other species alive today Please explain in a paragraph, a minimum of 4-5 sentences. Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

You isolate DNA from a culture of cells and find it contains 20% cytosine. At what percentages are the other three nucleotides found? Choose all that apply. Copyright 2024 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.