​According to the text, certain types of legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged during the:

 _______________________ is an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses.​

​_____________________ is a system of government in which power and responsibility are divided between a national government and state governments. 

​Political liberals and     encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment period.

​The term wergild focuses on which of the following?

In the famous United States v. Booker decision, the Supreme Court found that sentencing guidelines were:​

​The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:

​Corrections consists of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

​Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.

​Which important sociological scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, and actually help to define norms and expectations for conformity?