Question Set 1 SA1: Comparing DNA with RNA, identify 1 similarity and 3 differences. SA2: Write out the first 10 ribonucleotides of the RNA transcript generated from the DNA sequence below if the bottom strand was the ‘template strand’ and +1 indicates the transcriptional start site. SA3: Single-stranded DNA is often used as a ‘probe’ for the detection of complementary sequences in Northern, Southern, or FISH-based methodologies. Identify one approach that could be used to ‘label’ this probe and briefly describe the approach that would be used to detect/monitor this ‘label’. SA4: Provide a definition for a plasmid. Identify 2 DNA elements commonly found on a plasmid and list the function for one of these elements. SA5: Identify 2 enzymes that are required for DNA replication in vivo but are not used in PCR-based DNA synthesis in vitro. For each, list their role in the in vivo DNA replication process. SA6: Briefly describe the enzymatic function of Dicer and Argonaut/RISC, two proteins in the RNAi pathway. SA7: Provide a definition for 2 terms selecting from: epitope, paratope, and antibody. SA8: Identify the type of information that can be learned by immunocytochemistry that cannot be determined by an ELISA. SA9: Given that only 25% of the mammalian genome includes coding sequence (introns and exons), describe what comprises the remaining 75% of the genome making sure to give one specific example. SA10: Identify two types of information that can be obtained through a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. SA11: Explain the roles for sodium dodecyl sulfate, reducing agents, and heat in protein sample preparation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The table below describes a survey of people’s favorite flavors of ice cream. Assume there is no preference for the flavor of ice cream under a null hypothesis. Thus, the probability of choosing any one flavor is 0.333 for chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry respectively.  Survey of favorite ice cream flavors Ice Cream Flavor Observed (Frequency of People Surveyed) Chocolate 37 Vanilla 23 Strawberry 14 Total 74 Using the information above, calculate the X2 value.

Questions 76 to 91 come from material covered in BIO8053 (Comprehensive Study of Animals)

Questions 41 to 63 come from material covered in BIO6043 (Developmental & Reproductive Biology)

Questions 60 to 64 come from material covered in BIO8023 (Modern Microbiology)

Identify the names for each of the chambers (represented by numbers) and valves (represented by letters) in the image of a heart below. Present answers in the following format: ‘Chamber 1 is’ and ‘Valve A is’

Island Biogeography Theory and Metapopulation Biology have potential implications for management of harmful pest species, conservation of threatened or endangered species, management of natural ecosystems in anthropogenically impacted landscapes, and other ecological processes. Briefly describe the conceptual basis for each of these two areas of ecological theory (e.g., one or two sentences for each that give the most important aspects). Be sure to clearly state the theory you are describing in your statements.

Biological membranes are important in physiology, because

Describe the difference between differential versus selective medium.

Short Answer Set 2 SA 10. Define paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signaling. SA 11. Identify one mechanism that generates or maintains the asymmetric distribution of plasma membrane proteins in polarized cells. SA 12. Identify the three types of cell-surface receptors responsible for converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular response. SA 13. Identify two examples of activated carriers and the specific group carried in a high-energy linkage. SA 14. For cells grown under anaerobic conditions, explain the importance of converting pyruvate to ethanol (in yeast) or lactic acid (in muscle cells). SA 15. Transmembrane proteins can cross the lipid bilayer by adopting one of two types of secondary structures. Identify the name given to each of these folds. SA16. Identify 2 differences in the post-transcriptional processing of rRNA and tRNA. SA17. Describe what is meant by the ‘wobble position’ in codon-anticodon pairing and identify one benefit that arises from this event. SA18. The tryptophan repressor is an ‘allosterically regulated’ protein. Define ‘allostery’ in this context. Identify the small molecule that regulates the tryptophan repressor and indicate how the repressor functions in the presence/absence of this small molecule. SA19. Identify one mechanism that ensures a differentiated cell retains its identity following cell division.