You have three groups of students in your study: students with a 3.5 or higher, students with a 3.0-3.5, and students with lower than 3.0. When you run your analyses you label each of these groups with a number. The first group is “1,” the second group is “2,” etc. What type of variables are the groups once you have assigned them each a number? 

Which alternative way which this evidence could be interpreted is presented in the article?

Some survey respondents may struggle to provide accurate information because… SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

A common statistic used to report bivariate correlations is Pearson’s r. 

An operational variable is an abstract name or descriptor for a variable of interest. They are often used when researchers are describing theories.​

Oversampling is when you sample too many people in one group so that that group is overrepresented in your sample. This decreases the validity of the data. 

Physiological measures are the gold standard in research. 

“Pattern & parsimony” is a method used by scientists to look for a possible causal relationship. What is it? 

Which of the following helps establish temporal precedence in longitudinal designs?

SELECT ALL of the questions that survey research can answer.