Certain cells of the human immune system produce the cytokin…
Certain cells of the human immune system produce the cytokine IL-4 (a protein). The experiment below is related to IL-4. “Human immune cells were exposed to E. coli bacteria, and the amount of IL-4 was measured over time (0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours after exposure). The amount of β-actin was also measured as a control.” What type of molecule is being detected?
Read DetailsImagine you are studying a newly identified fungus from the…
Imagine you are studying a newly identified fungus from the soil on Mt Lemmon. You have identified a protein from the fungus that you think might be involved in regulating its DNA replication. Therefore, you think the protein is probably found in the nucleus of the fungal cells. Which of the following techniques would be best to determine where in the cell the protein is located?
Read DetailsCompared to other microbes, the pathogenic bacterium Staphyl…
Compared to other microbes, the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is relatively resistant to the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide. This is partly because it has multiple catalase enzymes, including KatG, to break down peroxide. This diagram illustrates how KatG is regulated in S. aureus.
Read DetailsYersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that causes serious f…
Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that causes serious food-borne illness. During infection, Y. enterocolitica tightly attaches to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This experiment compares the ability of 3 Y. enterocolitica strains to attach to IECs. “The ability of wild type Y. enterocolitica (WT), a yadA mutant, and a complement strain to attach to IECs was measured.” What does this experiment show about the YadA protein?
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