Behavioral inhibition, often observed in individuals with social anxiety, is best described as:

Dr. Allen uses a technique to help a child overcome fear of the dark by turning on dim lights and gradually reducing them while the child plays their favorite games. Which learning principle does this therapy rely on?

Rosa, an 8-year-old who has been in multiple foster homes, exhibits intense worry about being separated from her current foster parents, often feels sick, and avoids leaving home. What is Rosa likely experiencing?

Kyler struggles with extreme reactions to minor stressors due to early childhood neglect. Which pathway in his brain is likely altered by this early trauma?

During exposure therapy for his intense fear of heights, Michael’s therapist keeps him on a high balcony until his panic begins to subside. What is this therapeutic phase where Michael’s fear diminishes over time?

Neurotransmitters like dopamine are crucial for the reward pathway in the brain. What role does dopamine play when someone experiences something pleasurable?

Growing up, Jack often faced severe punishments for not cleaning his room or having accidents. As an adult, he is extremely orderly and stingy, and he insists on controlling all household decisions. According to Freud, Jack’s behaviors suggest fixation at which psychosexual stage?

For which of the following psychiatric conditions is electroconvulsive therapy considered a viable treatment option when medication is ineffective?

Rowan, a kindergartner, speaks openly with his peers and the school librarian but has not spoken to his classroom teacher all semester. His parents report that he simply says he feels shy around them. What condition is Rowan likely experiencing?

Growing up in a home where alcohol use was normalized, with both parents and all siblings engaging in regular drinking, Obaid, known for his aggressive behavior and defiance against norms, faces personal challenges including job loss. Which model would most accurately predict his risk for developing an alcohol dependency?