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A galaxy has been found with a blueshifted spectrum. What do…

A galaxy has been found with a blueshifted spectrum. What does this actually mean?

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FormulasChapter 18e = 1.61 x 10-19 CoulombsCoulomb’s Law Ele…

FormulasChapter 18e = 1.61 x 10-19 CoulombsCoulomb’s Law Electrostatic Force: F = kQ1Q2r2 where k = 8.99×109 Nm2C2Permittivity: k= 14πε0 where ε0 = 8.85 ×10-12 C2N·m2Electric Field: E = FQElectric Field: E = kQr2 where k = 8.99×109 Nm2C2Flux: Flux = (Electric Field)(Surface Area)Gauss’s Law: QEnclosedε0 = FluxThrough Closed SurfaceChapter 19Electric Potential: Electrical Potential = Potential EnergyChargeVolt: Volt = JouleCoulombWork and Electric Potential: W = qVElectric Potential and Electric Field: VAB = EdElectric Potential of a Point Charge: V = kQrCapacitance: C = QVCapacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor: C = ε0AdCapacitors in Series: 1Ceq=1C1+1C2Capacitors in Parallel: Ceq = C1+ C2Energy Stored in a Capacitor: ECap = QV2=CV22=Q22CChapter 20Current: Current = ChargeTimeAmpere: Ampere = CoulombSecondCharge on an electron: e = 1.60 ×10-19 CoulombOhm:  Ohm = Volt AmpereOhm’s Law: V = IRResistance of a Cylindrical Resistor: R = ρLATemperature Dependent Resistivity: ρ =ρ0(1+α△T)Power: P = IV = V2R=I2REnergy: E = PtAC Voltage: V = V0sin(2πft)AC Current: I = I0sin(2πft)Average Power: PAve = 12I0V0RMS Voltage: VRMS = V02RMS Current: IRMS = I02Average Power: PAve = IRMSVRMS = VRMS2R=IRMS2RChapter 21Resistors in Series: Req = R1+R2+R3…Resistors in Parallel: 1Req = 1R1+1R2+1R3+…Terminal Voltage: V = emf – IrKirchoff’s Junction Rule: The current entering into a junction is equal to current leaving a junction.Kirchoff’s Loop Rule: The sum of the potential drops around a loop is equal to zero.Chapter 22Force on a particle within a magnetic field: F = qvBsinθForce on a current carrying wire within a magnetic field: F = IlBsinθPermeability of Free Space: μ0 = 4π×10-7 TmARadius of a particle’s path within a magnetic field: r = mvqBTorque on a current loop within a magnetic field: τ = NIABsinθMagnetic Field Produced By a Long Straight Wire B = μ0I2πrMagnetic Field at the center of a loop: B = μ0I2RMagnetic Field Strength Inside a Solenoid: B = μ0nI where n = NlMagnetic Field Per Unit Length Between Two Parallel Current Carrying Wires: Fl= μ0I1I22πrChapter 23Magnetic Flux: ϕ = NBAcosθFaraday’s Law of Induction: emf = – N∆ϕ∆tTransformer Equation: VSVP=NSNPMutual Inductance: emf2 = -M∆I1∆temf1=-M∆I2∆tEmf From Self Inductance: emf = -L ∆L∆tSelf Inductance: L = N∆φ∆tSelf Inductance of a Solenoid: L = μ0N2AlEnergy Stored In an Inductor: Eind = 12LI2chapter 25Law of reflection: θincident = θreflectedLaw of Refraction (for small angles): n1sin θ1= n2sin θ2Law of Refraction (for small angles): n1θ1≈ n2θ2Critical Angle: θC = sin-1n2n1Power of a lens:P = 1fThin Lens Equation: 1f = 1i+1oFocal Length and Radius of Curvature’f = R2Index of Refraction for Air: nAir = 1Index of Refraction: n =cv where c is the speed of light in a vacuumMagnification Equation: m = h1ho = -ioTelescope Magnification Equation: M = -fofiChapter 27frequency and period: f = 1Tvelocity of a wave: c = fλSpeed of Light: c = 3.0×108msWavelength in a medium:λn = λnConstructive Interference for Double Slit Experiment:d sin θ = mλ where 0, 1,-1,2, -2 ,…. Destructive Interference for Double Slit Experiment: d sin θ = m+12λ where 0, 1,-1,2, -2 ,…. Constructive Interference for a diffraction grating: d sin θ = mλ where 0, 1,-1,2, -2 ,…. Raleigh Criterion for Diffraction:θ = 1.22λDThin Film Destructive Interference: 2t = λn22Transmitted Intensity of Polarized Light:I = I0cos2θBrewster’s Angle;tanθb =n2n1Energy of Emitted Photons: ∆E = hf = hcλRydberg Formula: 1λ = R1n2-1m2Rydberg Constant: R = 1.097×107 m-1Planck’s Constant: h = 6.626 ×10-34 JsPlanck’s Constant: h = 4.414 ×10-15 eVMomentum:  p = mvde Broglie Wavelength: λ = hp

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A researcher uses a decision tree to model diabetes complica…

A researcher uses a decision tree to model diabetes complications over 30 years. The tree becomes extremely large because patients may repeatedly experience renal, cardiovascular and other complications. What limitation of decision trees does this demonstrate?

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A probabilistic sensitivity analysis assigns distributions t…

A probabilistic sensitivity analysis assigns distributions to medicine costs, treatment effects and hospitalisation probabilities and then runs the model repeatedly. What is the purpose of this uncertainty analysis?

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A pharmacist wants to compare two treatments for an uncompli…

A pharmacist wants to compare two treatments for an uncomplicated infection. Treatment success or failure occurs within seven days, and the infection is not expected to recur during the analysis. Which modelling approach is most appropriate?

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A hospital is comparing a new cancer medicine with the curre…

A hospital is comparing a new cancer medicine with the current treatment. The new medicine costs R120,000 more but provides two additional quality-adjusted life years. What does the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) calculate?

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What is the pH of an aqueous solution at 25 °C that contains…

What is the pH of an aqueous solution at 25 °C that contains 4.2×10⁻¹⁰ M hydroxide ion?

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Which species will react with the added acid in a buffer sol…

Which species will react with the added acid in a buffer solution that is made from nitrous acid and potassium nitrite?

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A reaction has the rate law: rate (M/s) = k[A]²[B]³. Choose…

A reaction has the rate law: rate (M/s) = k[A]²[B]³. Choose the units for the rate constant, k, for this reaction.

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Given ε°(Cu²⁺/Cu) = +0.339 V and ε°(Ni²⁺/Ni) = −0.257 V, the…

Given ε°(Cu²⁺/Cu) = +0.339 V and ε°(Ni²⁺/Ni) = −0.257 V, the spontaneous cell potential is:

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