For Karl Marx, what is the problem of “alienation from other people”?

DISCOVERING NATURAL LAW THEORY OR OBJECTIONS TO IT:  . “The principles on which we engaged, of which the charter of our independence is the record, were sanctioned by the laws of our being, and we but obeyed them in pursuing undeviatingly the course they called for. It issued finally in that inestimable state of freedom which alone can ensure to man the enjoyment of his equal rights.” –Thomas Jefferson to Georgetown Republicans, 1809. ME 16:349   “Man [is] a rational animal, endowed by nature with rights and with an innate sense of justice.” –Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson, 1823. ME 15:441  . “A free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate.” –Thomas Jefferson: Rights of British America, 1774. ME 1:209, Papers 1:134  . “Under the law of nature, all men are born free, every one comes into the world with a right to his own person, which includes the liberty of moving and using it at his own will. This is what is called personal liberty, and is given him by the Author of nature, because necessary for his own sustenance.” –Thomas Jefferson: Legal Argument, 1770. FE 1:376  . “Nothing… is unchangeable but the inherent and unalienable rights of man.” –Thomas Jefferson to John Cartwright, 1824. ME 16:48  . “The evidence of [the] natural right [of expatriation], like that of our right to life, liberty, the use of our faculties, the pursuit of happiness, is not left to the feeble and sophistical investigations of reason, but is impressed on the sense of every man. We do not claim these under the charters of kings or legislators, but under the King of Kings.” –Thomas Jefferson to John Manners, 1817. ME 15:124 Φ From the evidence above it is clear that the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was a _______________. 

William Lane Craig follows the writings of atheist philosophers (viz. Nietzsche, Camus, Sartre, Mackie, etc.) and argues that, on the assumptions of scientific naturalism (including naturalistic evolution), the atheist has a difficult time showing how humans are to be valued more than any other animal.  Craig says this: “After all, if there is no God, then what’s so special about human beings? They’re just accidental by-products of nature which have evolved relatively recently on a infinitesimal speck of dust called the planet Earth, lost somewhere in a hostile and mindless universe, and which are doomed to perish individually and collectively in a relatively short time.”  

____________________________ is the view that morality is a fiction and that there are no existing valid moral principles. It also holds that moral properties such as good and evil or right and wrong have never appeared at any time in the history of the universe. 

Worldviews:  Naturalism (scientific atheism) . Philosophical Naturalism – the worldview that claims only nature exists. So, nothing supernatural exists.  Gods, angels, souls, love, beauty are all eliminated or reduced to only physical entities/processes. Philosophical Naturalists are usually physicalists and believe that only matter and energy exists.   Another name for philosophical naturalism is scientific naturalism or scientific materialism. ALL OF THE STATEMENTS ABOVE ARE TRUE.  True or False?  

The view that holds that there are no universally valid moral principles, but rather all moral principles are based on what humans believe (i.e., valid relative to culture, what Party leaders decide, or individual choice (about sex, love, marriage, or anything else)) is which of the following?

For Karl Marx,  What is the 2nd stage of the Synthesis for Karl Marx?  

“. . . If God does not exist, we find no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct.  So, in the bright realm of values, we have no excuse behind us, nor justification before us.  We are alone, with no excuses.” . Which famous atheist said this? (Presentation) Last Update: 8 February 2011

One problem that the relativist has is accounting for moral beliefs.  When Suzy says, “I think capital punishment is wrong,” on cultural ethical relativism she is saying that abortion is wrong just for her culture.  But, this doesn’t seem right – it seems that her view is broader than her culture. Same problem for a subjective moral relativist like Bart.  When he says, “kicking puppies is wrong!” he is, on his view, simply talking about himself.  But, it seems that he really does intend to say that this is a wrong thing for all people to do–not just him.

Objections to Natural Law Theory:  American Progressive Philosophers Which is NOT one of the reasons given by modern Progressives against Natural Law Theory (which interferes with their goal of a large, central government).