17. True or False: Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening arrhythmia treated with electrical defibrillation (paddles/cardioversion), which aims to restore a normal sinus rhythm.

16. Atrial fibrillation differs from atrial flutter in that atrial fibrillation involves:

57. A newborn is found to be cyanotic (blue) despite normal oxygen delivery. Echocardiography reveals that the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle. This is which congenital cardiac condition?

73. A 70-year-old man has a total cholesterol of 280 mg/dL with LDL of 195 mg/dL and HDL of 32 mg/dL. He has diabetes and smokes half a pack of cigarettes per day. Which statement best summarizes his cardiovascular risk profile?

51. Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart condition defined as:

Which of the following statements characterizes emerging adulthood, based on Arnett?  

70. The lecture emphasizes that ‘an alteration of one amino acid creates the difference’ in sickle cell disease. This illustrates which broader principle of molecular biology?

74. Rheumatic fever follows an untreated streptococcal throat infection and can progress to rheumatic heart disease. Which preventive measure, if implemented early, would most effectively break this chain of events?

67. An obstetrician orders a fetal echocardiogram at 20 weeks. The mother had rubella (German measles) infection at 8 weeks of pregnancy. Why is fetal cardiac evaluation particularly important in this case?

47. Turner syndrome is caused by which chromosomal abnormality, and what is the phenotypic sex of affected individuals?