Profit per unit in a perfectly competitive market is maximized when the firm produces the output where

Suppose there are only three firms in a market. The largest firm has sales of $500 million, the second largest has sales of $400 million, and the smallest has sales of $200 million. The market share of the largest firm is

You take a random sample of 38 cars and find their MPG.  You run a 99% confidence interval and get the following results below.   Run a full PANIC to estimate the true MPG of all cars.  99% confidence interval results: Variable Sample Mean Std. Err. DF L. Limit U. Limit MPG 24.760526 1.0621146 37 21.876451 27.644601 Where are the mistakes???: P -> P= The true mean mpg of all cars A -> Random Stated, number of successes and failures both greater than 10 N ->  T interval I -> (21.88, 27.64) C -> We are 99% confident that the true mean MPG of all cars is between 21.88 and 27.64 mpg Pick the components of panic that are INCORRECT, select all that apply. 

A defendant cannot afford bail and remains in custody before trial. Which outcome is most likely based on what we discussed?

Nguyen – Autoimmunity My exam tips:  A brief answer is three to four sentences in your answer. There may be more than one correct answer to my question. I am looking for how you best articulate your reasoning to support the answer.  (A)  Pick ONE of your favorite T cell types.  Briefly define how a breakdown in self-tolerance in central and peripheral tolerance can lead to autoimmunity.  (5 points) (B)  Briefly define the similarities and differences between molecular mimicry and bystander activation.  (5 points) 

Nguyen – Autoimmunity Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that disrupts the normal communication between nerves and muscles.  As discussed in class, antibodies target the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell surface, preventing acetylcholine—the neurotransmitter that signals muscle contraction—from binding effectively.  This interference slows or blocks the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscle, leading to muscle weakness.  (Remember the hairless cat!)  Recent observations have suggested a potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the onset or exacerbation of MG in certain individuals.  One hypothesis for this association is molecular mimicry.  Briefly describe detailed experiments to investigate whether molecular mimicry is the principal mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the development of MG.  Your experimental framework should include plans for both mouse models and human subjects.  (10 points)

Kolb – Inborn Errors of Immunity You have a mutant mouse that is defective in generating IgG antibody responses to immunization with an attenuated virus vaccine. To begin to determine what is causing the immunodeficiency, you perform an adoptive transfer experiment wherein you transplant T and B cells from wild-type (WT) or mutant mice into RAG-deficient mice. The resultant mice are then immunized and virus specific antibody titers are measured 2 weeks later. The results are shown below. Adoptive Transfer Antibody response WT B cells + WT T cells ++++ Mutant B cells + WT T cells ++++ WT B cells + Mutant T cells – Mutant B cells + Mutant T cells – (A)  Based on the results of this experiment, which ONE of the following genes is the most likely defective gene and briefly define why.  (2 points)  TACI    or    BTK    or    NEMO    or    CD40    or    CD40-ligand (B)  Briefly define the clinical symptoms that a patient with this mutation is likely to present with.  (2 points) (C)  State the approximate age at which you would expect these symptoms to start and briefly define why.  (2 points)

Flores – Cancer Immunology Melanoma is a highly immunogenic cancer with an immune inflamed immunophenotype.  (A)  In this solid tumor, briefly define the three phases of cancer immunoediting (elimination, equilibrium, and escape).  (4 points) (B)  Briefly define two cell types involved in each phase and their role(s) within that phase.  Some of the cell types can be the same for more than one phase, but they should have different roles.  (6 points) You may arrange your answer as follows. Elimination – brief definition    Cell type 1 – role in Elimination    Cell type 2 – role in EliminationPhase 2 – brief definition    Cell type 1 – role in Equilibrium    Cell type 2 – role in EquilibriumPhase 3 – brief definition    Cell type 1 – role in Escape    Cell type 2 – role in Escape

Andrews – Immunology of HIV Infection (A)  Briefly define two distinct mechanisms by which HIV evades immune detection or immune-mediated killing and how each mechanism benefits viral persistence.  (4 points) (B)  Briefly define why viral load rebounds rapidly when Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is stopped.  (2 points) (C)  Briefly define one reason that HIV was able to circulate widely in the US for years at the start of the epidemic largely undetected, until clusters of individuals began dying from AIDS.  (2 points) (D)  A researcher believes that they have identified a new cell which can be infected by HIV and may serve as a latent viral reservoir. List two experimental observations that would support this hypothesis.  (2 points)

Kolb – Allergies and Allergic Diseases A patient is prescribed penicillin to treat an infection.  After 10 days, the patient begins to feel very fatigued and dizzy, is bruising easily, and has pale skin.  Upon visiting the doctor again, the patient is diagnosed with hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. (A)  Briefly define the likely cause of these symptoms.  (2 points) (B)  Briefly define the likely effector molecule mediating this reaction.  (2 points) When out with a friend, the patient steps on a fire ant mound and is bitten.  As they have been bitten before, they are not concerned.  A few minutes later, they begin to have trouble breathing and notice that their leg is severely swollen.  After the friend brings the patient to the ER, the patient is told that they are allergic to fire ant venom. (C)  Briefly define a treatment option that might prevent this severe allergic reaction in the future.  (2 points) (D)  People living in less developed countries are significantly less likely to develop atopic reactions than those living in more industrialized countries.  This difference is not observed in people originating from these areas who moved to more industrialized areas at a young age, indicating it is not a genetic difference.  Briefly define the prevailing hypothesis to explain this observation.  (3 points)