The thermosphere is the thermal layer of Earth’s atmosphere where shortwave energy from the Sun excites atmospheric molecules, and causes them to glow in what we know as the aurora borealis and aurora australis.

La Niña and El Niño mean the same thing. The different names result from variations in Portuguese and Spanish.

Where on Earth are annual temperature ranges the greatest?

Which type of fog is more common along California coasts?

The cT air masses in the image originate where:

Surface winds generally blow away from high pressure and towards low pressure.

Tropical (hot) deserts and low precipitation amounts are sometimes associated with:

Which location has the greater annual temperature range (larger difference between highest and lowest monthly temperatures)?

In the cross section of the front pictured below:

Which type of front is shown in the image?