DNA fragments migrate through the gel towards the (positive or negative) electrode. [a] Choose your answer from the italicized words in the parenthesis.   The DNA standard that contains DNA fragments of known sizes (in base pairs, bp) is called a [b].

Name the PCR step that fits the description.   Step 1 – Double-stranded parent DNA is heated to 95oC to separate the two strands and form single-stranded DNA templates. Step 1 is called [a].   Step 2 – Single-stranded DNA template strands are cooled to 55oC. Primers attach to DNA and marks the start for Taq polymerase. Step 2 is called [b].

Use for #15 & #16:  A travel snack bag has 4 pieces of gum, 8 pieces of chocolate, and 10 oreos.   What is the probability of choosing a Rice Krispie Treat?  

Use for #17 & #18: Mrs. Baxter’s 2nd grade class wrote where they would like to go on vacation.  They wrote the following:                                                                   Girls             Boys                                          Disney World                     3                  8                       The mountains                   7                  6                        The beach                          4                  2            What is the probability that a child is a girl given that the child wants to go the beach?  

At Pirate’s Cove mini golf, a box contains red, orange, black, green, and blue golf balls.  Without looking, Martha reaches in the box.  How many golf balls must Martha take from the box to be sure that at least golf balls are the same color (in case she loses one in the water)?

Pick answer A

ESSP506 Final_2026.docx

A user works in a Kerberos environment.  She begins a new day at work – no prior sessions are active.  The first server that will be connected to by her client is a ticket‑granting server (TGS). 

An organization was recently compromised by a ransomware attack.  Although not related to the incident, a manager decides that the sensitivity of a sensor in the intrusion detection system (IDS) should be increased to its maximum setting.  Explain the likely effect of this change on the number of false negative reports and the number of false positive reports produced by the system.  Also explain an important issue the manager should understand before the setting is changed.

An organization has 2 web servers and an email server on its internal network.  Explain how a single IP address can be used to provide access to each of these servers from the Internet and from the email server to the Internet, as discussed in a lecture in this course.  Be sure to give the full name of the technology that should be used.