When flow is restricted to long, trough-like depressions, the flow is known as ____________________ flow.

31. Identify the relationship between the parts of the following sentence. “Although the old maxim asserts that “. . . I had a mother who read to me,” it is especially important that fathers also read to their children.” (sentence 1 in paragraph 4)

5. What is the relationship between the parts of the following sentence? “Though Barton s often typecast as a nurse, her primary effort involved the distribution of medical provisions to battle zones.” (second sentence in paragraph 4)

32. Identify the implied relationship between these two sentences. “The question comes to mind: how do we fit reading aloud into our hectic modern schedules? The best way is to make it part of the bedtime routine, perhaps between bath time and lights out.” (first and second sentences of paragraph 5)

21. The author’s primary purpose is to 

25. The tone of this passage can best be described as

33. In this passage, the author is biased in favor of

         In U. S. history, the Civil War hosted fierce battles and brought about enormous change. Southern feudalism, a vast farming system built upon the relationship between owner and slave, completely collapsed; the federal government established authority over that states’ rights, and the slave gained freedom. Change arose from basic challenges of authority, the status quo. Though tales of these challenges most often evoke images of men, Northern and Southern women faced challenges to their traditional roles. Many toiled with little recognition, the antics of others provided mythical material, and a few established enduring contributions. These pioneers transcended their roles to fulfill three types of positions usually reserved for men.         The first unusual role for women was that of a sutler, one who followed an army to sell provisions to the soldiers. Armies usually waited out the long, harsh winters until the spring thaws allowed for favorable fighting conditions; many officers sent for their families until the spring campaigns began. These winters offered a few enterprising women the opportunity to become merchants. Some women transformed traditional skills as housekeepers, laundresses, cooks, or nurses into a profit. This life was not an easy one, however. The bitter cold, the rough behavior of enlisted soldiers, and the prejudice against women posed dangers. Despite the risks, a few women such as Mary Tippee, a sutler with the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, contributed to the war and defied expectations.         A second, unexpected role filled by a few courageous women was that of spy. From the outset of the war, spies were invaluable to both the North and the South. Allegedly, women elicited information through charm and flattery; however, debate surrounds the facts of the women’s contributions. Nevertheless, their stories stand as tall tales. For example, one of the most famous Confederate spies, Belle Boyd, based her spying operation in her father’s hotel in Fort Royal, West Virginia, and supplied information about Union forces to General Stonewall Jackson. On the Union side, Pauline Cushman spied for the secret service and military intelligence in Louisville and elsewhere in Kentucky. On a mission behind Confederate lines, she was captured, sentenced to death and, then, left behind when Bragg’s forces withdrew from Tennessee.         The final and perhaps most significant role filled by women was that of administrator. No one more clearly succeeded in this role than Clara Barton. Though Barton s often typecast as a nurse, her primary effort involved the distribution of medical provisions to battle zones. She collected and stored them in Washington and personally distributed them at the front where she earned the title “Angel of the Battlefield.” Also, with the endorsement of President Lincoln, she set up the Bureau of Records and traced 20,000 missing soldiers. Her success as an administrator during the Civil War led to worldwide involvement in health care; eventually she founded the American Red Cross in 1881. Mary Tippee, Belle Boyd, Paula Cushman, and Clara Barton faced the challenges of war with energy and courage, and by doing so they forged new roles for women.   1. Which sentences best states the main idea of the passage?

        “Richer than I you can never be; I had a mother who read to me.” So goes an old maxim. Have these words of wisdom become merely trivial verse in an age that has so many other ways to entertain children? Modern parents, after all, have computers, VCRs, and television to keep children occupied. Is there any reason for adults to read to children?          The answer is a resounding yes. Reading to children remains one of the most important things we can do for them and an activity that will reap lifelong benefits. The most important lesson our children learn from being read to is that reading can be enjoyable and rewarding. As we enjoy reading books with our children, they learn to love books and regard an unknown book as a potential source of a great story or a god laugh. Our children’s classrooms may be equipped with computers, but they also hold a great many books. How wonderful for our children to approach these books with eagerness!         Reading to our children also brings us physically and emotionally close. The children are seated close beside us as we read, and they hear our voices, their parents’ voices. As parents we are giving our children our undivided attention. Their self-esteem grows as they realize their parents consider them worthy of their full attention.         Although the old maxim asserts that “. . . I had a mother who read to me,” it is especially important that fathers also read to their children. A boy who regards reading as a feminine activity because only his mother read to him can be seriously handicapped in his academic life and may not go on to achieve his full potential. There is much support for the saying “Leaders are readers.”         The question comes to mind: how do we fit reading aloud into our hectic modern schedules? The best way is to make it part of the bedtime routine, perhaps between bath time and lights out. This special time with a parent is a good way of calming children and making them more receptive to going to bed. It becomes a special time for both children and parents and a treasured memory. Think how gratifying it will be if one day your children can say, “Richer than I you can never be; I had a parent who read to me.”   28. The implied main idea of paragraph 5 is that

A community health nurse is providing information handouts that describe the need for annual gynecologic examinations to local health clinics that provide care for individuals with disabilities. The nurse is fulfilling which role?