The type of antigenic change in Influenza A virus that can lead to pandemics due to easy human-to-human spread, high morbidity and mortality, and arises through genetic reassortment is called ____________.

Influenza B viruses are known to naturally infect which of the following?

Per our class discussion, Ro is a statistical value calculated using three main factors. 1. infectious period 2. Mode of Transmission 3. Contact Rate. Using the following example, choose which of these three factors the researchers observed in their study that impacted the Ro in the following analysis. (Choose all that apply) Despite highly successful vaccination programs and high vaccine uptake, both endemic pertussis and periodic pertussis outbreaks continue to occur. The under-recognized role of adolescents and adults in disease transmission, due to waning immunity following natural infection and vaccination, and reduced likelihood of correct diagnosis, may contribute to pertussis persistence. We constructed a mathematical model to describe the transmission of pertussis in both pre-vaccine and vaccine eras, to estimate the underlying burden of pertussis in the population. The model was well calibrated using the best available data on pertussis in the pre-vaccination (1880–1929) and vaccination (1993–2004) eras. Best-fit model estimates gave a basic reproductive number of approximately 10.6, (seasonal range 9.9 to 11.5). Under-reporting increased with age, and approximately >95% of infections in children were caused by infections in persons with waning immunity to pertussis following prior infection or vaccination. A well-calibrated model suggests that under-recognized cases of pertussis in older individuals are likely to be an important driver of ongoing pertussis outbreaks in children. Model projections strongly support the enhancement of booster vaccination efforts in adults. Pertussis Model ConstructionWe constructed an age-structured compartmental model that included births and deaths, and the introduction of the pertussis vaccine. Transmission of infection occurred through contact between susceptible or re-susceptible and infectious individuals. As individuals lost naturally-acquired or vaccine-induced immunity over time, they became re-susceptible to infection; we assumed that these individuals were equally susceptible as pertussis-naïve individuals, but were one-fifth as infectious (i.e., less likely to spread infection to others as assumed in previous models). This observed decrease in infectiousness incorporates both the hypothetical vaccine efficacy for infectiousness and the reduced duration of cough observed in partially immunized individuals.  

In response to the growing global burden of dengue fever, a biotechnology company developed a new tetravalent dengue vaccine. Early phase clinical trials showed the vaccine was safe and generated an immune response. The company now seeks to evaluate whether the vaccine is effective at preventing symptomatic dengue infections in high-incidence areas. They enroll 10,000 healthy adult volunteers in Brazil, where dengue transmission is high. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the dengue vaccine or a placebo. Over the next 18 months, participants are monitored for the development of laboratory-confirmed dengue infection. What type of study design is being conducted?

Which of the following disease types contributes most significantly to stunted growth in children globally?

Which type of antigenic change in the Influenza A virus is characterized by: easy spread from human to human, causes high morbidity and mortality because the current population is naïve, and was created by a genetic reassortment? Hint: Pandemics result from this type of antigenic change.

Arrange your pages in order: Q1, Q2, … , Q6 If you required more than one page for any problem, make a note at the bottom of the problem’s first page, “continued on last page”, and place the continuation work after Page 6. Show each page, front and back, to the camera. Scan your pages to Gradescope (ideally using the Gradescope app). Link to the Exam #2 Gradescope Page here for your convenience. Review your scans: Are they readable? Are they in order? Are they correctly oriented (portrait, not landscape)? STOP NOW AND FIX THIS BEFORE SUBMITTING. Submit work to Gradescope.  Submit this exam. This should close Honorlock. Remove the Honorlock extension.

______________ is the period of development when you transition from child to adult.

The Final Exam is due on the last __________ of the term. No extensions will be granted beyond the last day of the term. 

Acupuncture is an example of which of type of complementary approach?