The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is: ​

According to the authors,         is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.​

​During the early 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to        most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights:

​The       was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

​For most of U.S. history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals only from acts of the federal government.

​Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation.​

​The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:

​During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and:

Since the          , retribution as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest.​