Explain how horizontal gene transfer can spread antibiotic resistance between bacteria, and describe one specific mechanism involved.

A karyotype shows an individual with 47 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY). Name the genetic condition associated with this karyotype. (1 pt) Explain the specific chromosomal error that produced this karyotype. (1 pt) Indicate whether this error occurred during meiosis I or meiosis II, and justify your answer based on gamete composition. (2 pt)  

A cytogeneticist is analyzing a karyotype using G-banding. Describe how dark and light bands differ in their chromatin structure and why they stain differently Explain how these banding patterns allow chromosomes to be distinguished from one another

What distinguishes an Hfr cells from an F+ cell? 

A researcher mixes two bacterial strains and observes gene transfer. When the experiment is repeated using a filter (preventing cell contact), gene transfer no longer occurs. What mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is responsible? Explain your reasoning.

Why are bacteria especially useful for genetic studies?

Extra Credit (Optional): What is one advantage and one disadvantage of lysogeny for a bacteriophage? (2 pts)

Reverse transcriptase is important for HIV because it:

How many milliliters of a 12.5% glucose solution contain 125 grams of dextrose?

A physician’s order sheet contains the following entry:Biaxin (clarithromycin) 7.5 mg/kg p.o. q.12h.How much of the drug will be administered per dose? ________ mg for every kg of bodyweight 1.